The Ethics Of Business Management Essay - 1279 Words

Prior to my interview with Dr. Lisa Calvano, I did not have the impression that research was involved in any part of business management. After meeting with her, I learned exactly how important research is to the business management discipline. Research in business management is a systematic investigation that helps to answer complications and problems within businesses. Research in the field contributes to solid management understanding and knowledge. Information from research is usually produced by classical methods: statistical data and analysis, interview data, and survey data (i.e., stock prices). Researchers, especially in business management must be careful to declare their research findings as credible. Research in business management abides by ethical thinking. Researchers evaluate their data properly and need to recognize that specified data may be confidential. Most data that management researchers find is private and it is intended to be kept that way. When researchers qu estion the ethics behind their research, they look to an Institutional Review Board (IRB) and occasionally â€Å"The Code of Ethics†. The IRB is a council that was instituted to review and authorize any and all research engaging humans. The purpose of the committee is to protect human subject research and to ensure it is regulated according to federal, institutional and ethical guidelines. The â€Å"Code of Ethics†, also known as the â€Å"Code of Conduct†, is a basis that outlines how professionals areShow MoreRelatedBusiness Organization, Vocabulary, Ethics, And Management Essay1056 Words   |  5 PagesThis semester we have focused on four modules which consist of business organization, vocabulary, ethics, and management. In retrospect of all the content I have learned, the video does make a good point in that humanity needs to be considered and understood when analyzing the entire management in a business. Businesses thrive off positive work ethic, strong l eadership, and efficient management. Without these factors, the business will lack strong productivity, teamwork, social responsibility, organizationRead MoreBusiness Ethics And Corporate And Management Strategies Essay876 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction- An Overview It is a viable alternative to apply CSR in Corporate and management strategies to outclass competing companies. An organization by carrying out its ethical principles and convictions in their activities and propagating them via organizational network influences the relationship with shareholders, clients and employees. The application of CSR can lead to social benefits and legitimacy for the firm since it can consider itself as a coalition in which the different stakeholdersRead MoreBusiness Ethics For Human Resource Management1309 Words   |  6 Pagesimplications of business ethics for human resource management? Explain the potential roles of human resource managers in the ethical conduct of business. By Shehan Perera (100684161) Ethics in HRM suggests the treatment of employees with common decency and justice. Ethical business practices contributes to the long and short term business objectives as the employees will feel motivated thus they will work efficiently and effectively . The conduct of ethics in HRM fundamentallyRead MoreEthics Of Business Sex Differences At The Management Level Essay1651 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Going by the alpha view, of ethics in business sex differences at the management level will carry over to ethical issues. There are various studies that support this particular view. Evidence has it that women and women differ on about four accounts regarding ethics. These accounts include moral development, ethical behavior, and sensitivity to ethical and ethical value system. This paper looks at the differences between men and women when it comes to ethical matters within the workingRead MoreThe Implications Of Business Ethics For Human Resource Management1457 Words   |  6 Pagesof business ethics for human resource management? Explain the potential role(s) of human resource managers in the ethical conduct of business. Provide examples where appropriate. Essay The concept of business ethics is gaining more and more attention from many different organisations. Business ethics relate to the ethical judgments of what is right and wrong in an organisation (Sparks et al. 2010, p.2). Human resource management in particular, demonstrates the implications of business ethics throughRead MoreBusiness Ethics : A Stakeholder And Issues Management Approach925 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscouraged or even punished when the image of the whistle blower is seen as â€Å"disloyal† to the organization posing risk of normalizing wrongdoing and ultimately derive the public interest.† (Ashforth Anand, 2003) In the book, Business Ethics: A Stakeholder and Issues Management Approach states a common opinion, â€Å"Whistle blowing goes against strong U.S. cultural norms of showing loyally toward an employer and colleagues and avoiding the â€Å"snitch† label. However strong cultural norms regarding fairnessRead MoreCross Cultural Management, And Ethics And Global Business Essay1960 Words   |  8 PagesReflecting upon the lectures of Cross-Cultural management was very useful in linking the theory I learned with the experience I had, especially, it provided the opportunity to ‘step back’ from the decisions I made and helped to identify the reasons of my behaviour in different cross-cultural situations. Moreover, commenting upon past experience brought the chance to further develop social and communication skills, strengthen cultural sensitivity and open-mindedness which are of a paramount significanceRead MoreEthics Of Management : How A Corporation s Ethical Lapse Impa cts The Business And Employees ( Apple Case )1479 Words   |  6 PagesEthics in Management Ethics in Management: How a Corporation’s Ethical Lapse Impacts the Business and Employees (Apple Case Study) Apple Company was founded in the year 1976 by two friends Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak. The two friends began the company on the first of April with the aim of altering how people viewed computers. Although history only recognizes the contributions made by the two, a third founder is mentioned, Ronald Wayne, who was the brains behind the invention of the IPhone, IPadRead MoreThe Importance Of Management And The Success Of A Company1192 Words   |  5 PagesEvaluating the importance of management and integrity as essential elements to the success of a company Introduction When it comes to the coordination of activities of an or organization or a company in order to achieve its desired objectives, the importance of management should never be underestimated, management itself is a large and complex topic with all organizations having its goals and objective in which its management process will need to attain desired success for the company, using GlobalRead MoreThe Evolution Of Business Ethics852 Words   |  4 PagesThe Evolution of Business Ethics Tim Bowles OMM-640 Business Ethics and Social Responsibility Dr. Andree Swanson May 17, 2015 Abstract Just as individuals differ, so do their ethical concepts and value arrangements. Personal guidelines or policies for everyday ethical conduct. Like all policies, a code of ethics must be capable of being enforced. Just as if people, corporations and businesses too, have their ethical concepts, systematic science, and a business philosophy they must follow

Case Study Genie Essay example - 954 Words

While a mother was escaping an abusive relationship in search of welfare assistance, she took her thirteen-year-old daughter along with her. â€Å"Genie,† as she was called, intrigued the social worker in the welfare office. She was mesmerized by Genie’s posture, size, and stance. Curiously enough, the worker thought Genie might have been a case of unreported autism in a possible six- to seven-year-old (Rymer 1993). As a result, the worker notified her supervisor, who contacted the police. When Genie was first brought to the hospital for tests, she weighed only fifty-nine pounds. She was incontinent, could not chew solid food, could barely swallow, and could not focus her eyes beyond twelve feet. She salivated persistently and spat†¦show more content†¦Not long after being admitted to the hospital, Genie seemed to recognize only her name and the word â€Å"sorry.† She scored as low as normal one-year-olds on maturity and preschool attainment scale s. According to Piaget, there are six substages contained with the Sensorimotor stage of development. It seems as if Genie may have passed up substages three through six of the Sensorimotor stage. Throughout her first seven months of instruction, she identified hundreds of new words and began to speak. Eventually, Genie began using two-word phrases, much like most eighteen-month-olds do. Then, in turn, she progressed to using three-word phrases. She had a referential style of language learning since most of the words she used were ones that referred to objects. Furthermore, Genie never asked questions and didn’t comprehend a great deal of grammar. She never had a speech â€Å"explosion† like most children after reaching the two-word stage. Her language was in no way fully-developed. One of the theories that best explains the pattern of language that Genie demonstrated is the Behaviorist perspective. B.F. Skinner believed that human behaviors are determined by learning and reinforcement. In the beginning of Genie’s life, she did not have her parents reinforcing her words with any kind of response. In addition, she lacked having someone to imitate language with. This was most likely a useful technique for Curtiss to use while working with Genie.Show MoreRelatedA Feral Child With A History Of Near Total Social Isolation1556 Words   |  7 Pagesan in-depth review as to how this case relates to the three major sociological theories. Throughout its span of history, this case experienced successes and failures, turned friends and colleagues into enemies, witnessed a variety of lawsuits and questionable legal decisions and clouded the judgment of many, yet through it all, this child s resilience was unwavered as she tried to become part of the world that had failed her since birth. The is the story of Genie, also known as the wild childRead MoreChildhood And Going Into Adult Hood1487 Words   |  6 Pagesprogramme and 44 other ju venile who have not yet committed any crime to act as the control group what he did next was brought all the parents and† interviewed them to see if they had been separated in the critical period and for how long†(1). During the study John Bowlby found vast amount of critical results which would help prove and solidify his hypothesis. He found that those who were in the 44 juvenile thieves group that the majority of them were detached from their mother in the critical period inRead MoreGenie : A Special Individual1636 Words   |  7 Pagesnamed Genie in Los Angeles in 1970. Genie, as Susan Curtiss explains it, is an individual put into the world with no prior engagement beforehand. This means that Genie has had little to no contact with other people. This also means that Genie has never learned a specific language. Genie is a special individual put under a predicament that has altered her ability to learn and be social. As the video progresses, it says that she was tied to a potty chair for the first ten years of her life. Genie s parentsRead MoreThe Linguistic Development Of Genie By Susan Curtiss Essay810 Words   |  4 Pageseducate children in a proper way. In ‘The Linguistic Developme nt of Genie’ by Susan Curtiss, Victoria Fromkin, Stephen Krashen, David Rigler and Marilyn Rigler (1974) claimed that a girl named Genie, her father used authoritarian-parenting style and her mother used uninvolved parenting style to teach her. Thus, Genie got little care in her childhood and sometimes would be physically punished. In spite of this when people discovered Genie and sent her to the Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles, doctorsRead MoreThe Acquisition Of Language And The Critical Period845 Words   |  4 Pagesthere one for the acquisition of language? The case study, â€Å"The Linguistic Development of Genie† (Curtiss, et al 1974) and paper â€Å"Maturational Constraints on Language Learning†(Newport, 1990) implicates that the theory of the critical period can apply for acquisition of language. The case study of Genie demonstrates an unfortunate but unique in which the hypothesized critical period for language acquisition was missed. It was hypothesized that Genie would not be able to acquire language at the ageRead MoreChildren Do Not Come Into The World With Culture1718 Words   |  7 Pagespsychologists a new perspective into the study of socialization (N.A. 2015). If a child does miss the crucial milestones in their social and psychological development, then it will be hard, nearing impossible, to ever actually catch up in their development. Because it is dangerous and harmful to pull someone from society, researchers cannot place a human in absolute social isolation for research purposes due to obvious ethical reasons. That is why, though tragic, cases of social isolation, typically inRead MoreThe Child Of The Wild Child1256 Words   |  6 PagesSusan Wiley, or most commonly known as Genie the Wild Child was born on the 18th of April 1957. She was the fourth child of Clark and Irene Wiley and was one of two children that survived childhood. Her parents were married in 1944 Clark was 20 years his wife’s se nior and their marriage was riddled with domestic violence. Their first two children were both suspiciously killed before their first birthday. It was reported that Clark Wiley extremely disliked children and was very mentally unstable.Read MoreChildren Can Recover From Cognitive Impairment Following Severe Early Deprivation Essay1490 Words   |  6 PagesThey are a variety of studies that aim at finding out if children can recover from cognitive impairment following severe early deprivation. One of the studies that I will focus on is called the ERA study (2015). The ERA study examined 324children from Romanian orphanages of the Ceausescu regime, aged 4,6,11 and 15 with a similar characteristic, whom were later adopted by families in the UK. This sample was taken between 1990 and 1992. The children in the Romanian institution weren’t just deprivedRead MoreThe Debate Of Nature Vs Nurture1445 Words   |  6 Pagesassignment is to discuss the importance of attachment in human development. To do this we can make reference to the case of Genie who suffered severe neglect as a child. Behaviourism was first introduced by John Watson who opposed the naturists and took the view that the mind is there to be manipulated through conditioning methods and so attachments are learned. However there are theories and studies which counter the argument. The evolutionary theory of attachment was developed by John Bowlby a psychoanalystRead MoreGenie Wiley1498 Words   |  6 PagesSusan Wiley (‘Genie’) * Genie was discovered on 4th November 1970 in Los Angeles. * The thirteen year old girl had been confined to a small room and spent most of her life often tied to a potty chair. * The girl was given the name Genie to protect her identity and privacy. The case name is Genie. This is not the persons real name, but when we think about what a genie is, a genie is a creature that comes out of a bottle or whatever, but emerges into human society past childhood. We assume

Medieval Medicine Free Essays

Shaan Sarode Ms. Davis English IV – Per. 3 20 October 2010 Impact of Medieval Medicine Imagine when a friend gets sick or catches a â€Å"bug†, they may have two different reactions to it. We will write a custom essay sample on Medieval Medicine or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first is the realistic approach, which re-visits their recent actions and pinpoints the cause of the symptoms. The other is the non-realistic, which tends to blame supernatural causes. People during the medieval times almost always blamed the supernatural as the cause of these diseases. There were also many limitations in the amount of scientific advancement because of the church.In modern days, we may take for granted the achievements that have been made over the centuries, but these break-troughs could not have been realized, without the foundation and work of scientists during the medieval time. Medieval medicine affected all parts of life in those times, from scientific to social, and in positive and negative ways. Medieval medicine had too many influences from the church which therefore hindered its progress. Most of the treatments and beliefs in folk medicine were mystical or magical, and had its basis in sources that were not agreed upon in the Christian faith. Remedies included spells and incantations, but later these had to be replaced with Christian prayers or devotions. The church taught that diseases or ailments were sent by God as a punishment for wrong doing, so many people resisted the explanations of illness. Therefore advancement in medicine was generally frowned upon. The main setback was that, â€Å"scholarship fell into the religious sphere, and clerics were more interested in curing the soul than the body. † (Terry 1)As sanitation and hygiene worsened with the increasing population in England and other parts of Europe, diseases were rampant. â€Å"Medieval Europe did not have an adequate health system. † (Odunsi 5) Edward the III complained to the Lord Mayor of London: â€Å"Cause the human faeces and other filth lying in the streets and lanes in the city to be removed with all speed to places far distant, so that no greater cause of mortality may arise from such smells. † (Trueman 1) Some people blamed the stench of waste to cause illnesses.Astronomers blamed the planets and their un-alignment. Everyone had their own opinions on the matter as there wasn’t any hard evidence of the actual cause. Another dilemma to the people was the matter of how the diseases spread. As most of the population consisted of farmers in those times, they had little or no, formal education. So when someone acquired a disease, they went to their local physician, which was an all-around doctor. Physicians were scarce, but seen as skilled people because of their ‘knowledge. In reality, their work was based on a very poor knowledge of the human anatomy. (Trueman 3) The affect of medical studies, cures, and its problems left society vulnerable to, in fact more diseases. As people were unaware of the causes and cures, they relied on local physicians who weren’t exactly well versed. This may in turn result in a misdiagnosis and the patient ending up more ill or dead. This dilemma pushed people to seek their own remedies. The most interesting part of medicine in the medieval times was the remedy and curing.These varied throughout society depending on your background, wealth, and religiousness. Some, more religiously bound â€Å"doctors told patients that a pilgrimage to a holy shrine to show your love of God would cure them of illnesses especially if they had some holy water sold at the place of pilgrimage. † (Truman 1) As one can see, any treatment that you thought was right could have worked better than another, as cures were based on more of a philosophical look rather than with scientific back-up.Some weird cures were to hold a candle close to your teeth to burn of the worms on the teeth. Another was to cut a hole in someone’s skull to let out bad spirits, which was supposed to cure their mental disease. All in all, medieval medicine had impacts on society, but was mainly influenced by the thinking and ideas of the time. Works Cited Odunsi, Yolonda. â€Å"Health: What was it really like to live in the middle ages? † Washington, D. C. : Annenberg Media, 1997. Web. How to cite Medieval Medicine, Papers

Importance of Creativity and Innovation Free-Samples for Students

Question: Analysis of Personal and Organizational Styles and Assessment of Strategies for Creative thinking and Innovation. Answer: Introduction In for many decades creative process has been conceptualized behavioral and cognitively to be an iterative alignment of thoughts by individuals in construction of new perspectives in a useful mode. Ingenuity is manifested by the environmental elements, individual cognation and effective traits that are interplayed by social, culture and individuals power of expression. Creativity pushes for new concepts and in every facet of existence. In regard to change becoming the rule of nature change the world calls for ingenuity. Definition of creativity and innovation Different description of creativity and innovation have been placed down, but gathering both ideas, creativity can be ascribed as a mental capability or process characterized by the ability or act to conceive an original or unusual thing. On the other hand innovation refers to the implementation of the original or new ideas. Creativity begins when on start thinking out of the box to come out with new ideas. Creativity should be considered as a necessity rather than an option because it the only tool that can stimulate change in any organization(Mumford, Hunter Bedell,2008). Creativity can be a very strategic factor to counter the existing competition in the market. Creativity could not necessarily be a new idea but could unfold ways to improve the already existing products. Different views about creativity and innovation The majority views are that a good life is enhanced by creativity. This is because great thinkers have been able to push forward their new concept and expressions to improve the existence. In other words creativity and innovation have changed the world because things are no more occurring repeatedly, because people have stepped forward with new perspectives. It is so unfortunate that the academic world suppresses the whole idea of creativity. Schools such as universities should be capacitated to teach critical thinking but this has not been the case. The emphasis of this model frustrates and in turn penalizes the creative students. An addition to this is the advocacy for the multiple choice exams where students are examined their ability to memorize the facts. (Shalley,Hitt Zhou,2015). Majority in this case fail not because they are lazy but because they are much better at the point of solving problems by generating an inner understanding of key aspects of good creativity. Creativity and innovation go together In realm of these paradigm it impossible to assume that creativity and innovation can go each on its own. For innovation to betide creativity must be a prior action, on the other hand creativity without innovation is like living in a world of no experiments. Successful individuals and organizations ensure that after generation of new ideas, implementation is done immediately. Therefore it is affirmed that both creativity and innovation mutually benefit from each other and absence of one would mean a failure to the other (Ceserani,2013) How entrepreneurs fit in creativity and innovation With regard to our discussion we can contemplate how entrepreneurship fit in. creativity plays a bigger part in business acumen, lack of creativity could lead to business stagnation. Creative entrepreneurs foster innovation. This is how multi-billionaires we hear and talk about have been derived. The moment an individual creates something he attaches himself or herself to it. Therefore you should ensure that it not only satisfies customers needs but also exceeds those needs. Entrepreneurs may encounter difficulties when giving new ideas however this becomes at ease when they are converted to reality. Innovation is accomplished when an idea is unique and useful (Bytheway,2006). Creativity and innovation leads entrepreneurs to success. Majority have confused creativity with intelligence. This is because is easier to manage intelligence than creativity, because it is difficult to spot creativity.However the current world has made the entrepreneurs and organizations realize the benefit and need for creative people in business. Productivity among the entrepreneurs as emerged from creativity. This is where by one discerns something original and very useful and with resources available innovation becomes easy hence upgrading the path to success. Creativity has made problem solving easier. As a result creative problem solving is able to join the distinct areas of expertise and incorporate probable solutions. In short entrepreneurs should exhibit novelty and divergent thinking in their business acumen as a result of creativity.(Paulus Nijstad,2013). Organizations in line with creativity and innovation An example of company implementinginventiveness and advancement is the Toyota Company. It is the world leading in market in sales of highbred electric vehicles. All of it vehicles are rated highly in safety, reliability and durability, besides that the company produces vehicles that have alternatives in energy sources. The company has grown becoming more customized in meeting customers needs.For example sensors installation in vehicles senses traffic jams, passing pedestrians, weather and thing that might not be in order in the vehicle. The companys ingenuity has announced huge improvements over years. Another Industry that has highly demonstrated creativity over time is the mobile phone Industry. Currently the Smartphones have overtaken the usage of earlier mobile phones that were unportable and inefficient. The emergence of Smartphones which are portable and characterized by a number of distinguishing factorshave made things quite easier. These are things that have been achieved over time due to creativity and innovation. Another example of a flourishing company as a result of creativity and innovation are gambling companies. This company has managed to get market worldwide both internationally and locally through online gambling. They have widely to taken a creative approach to engage consumers to their activities through technology. They are ensuring that gambling is safe for it user as this has earned the organization growth. Through experience people gamble daily with majority loosing and a few winning. This is how profits for this company are yielded. Importance of creative people in business It is important to have creative people in business because they bring innovations leading to greater success of a company in the long run. Creative people always generate new ideas that improve the image and originality of the business because they always think outside the box. (Sarmento, 2011) It cost effective to have creative people in business because the long research procedures are eliminated. Creative people are creative even when it comes to problem solving. They always derive solutions that are likely to solve problem without any difficulty. As said earlier, presence of creative people helps in increasing productivity by generating unfamiliar ideas. It also encourages other employees to think. In other words it works best when surrounded by sharp, disciplined and highly focused way of thinking. Creativity is the vehicle towards any business development. Creative people can be born and also can be developed. In some instances it is anticipated that there is an inborn character that makes it easier to develop creativity. When being creative it involves use of thoughts, experiences and nature selves. On the other hand the same can be developed. There has been no better reason as to why anyone cannot do it. It requires a mindset change and practice. Also there are tools that can be used to help individuals take an advantage of their natural abilities in order to structure their thinking capacity in perspective that can lead them to the right mindset. Creativity should be enhanced earlier because it would be more profitable at this (Charyton,2015) Some of the examples of creative genius in history include; Bill Gates Innovator (Born 1953; U.S.A.) He was a computer programmer and a technology enthusiast. He was the co-founder of Microsoft and his contributions have made it possible to redefine personal computing world. Allen went to Harvard University whereby he later dropped to pursue his dream of programming. This was a wise idea. He has achieved 40% patent ownership. Warren Buffett Businessman (Born 1930; U.S.A.) His career in business as well as investment has affirmed him as the most wealthiest and influential man in the wide world. He can be referred to as an investor. His road to business creativity begun when he was in high school,where he purchased a pinball machine and set it at a local barbershop. He began investing the interest when he realized the profitability of the machine. He started partnership after graduating a master of science in economics. He managed low risk investment strategies. The partnership declared him a millionaire in a decade. And through the hierarchy of success he managed to be a billionaire. Jackie Chan Martial Artist (Born 1954; Hong Kong) He is one of the most renown and beloved entertainer in the entire world. He had appeared in numerous film earning himself stars on Hong Kong Avenue and Hollywood walk of fame. He portray comic antics when fighting, including styles and technical skills. His creativity has earned him quite a lot in the industry.These are some of genius who has used creativity to earn their name. They are all over celebrated Rewarding creativity An idea lingers in people minds on whether creativity should be rewarded. In my point of view I think it wise to reward creativity in business. This could be a better way of appreciating and motivating them. The act should therefore not be perceived as a way of spoiling or undermining their behavior. For everyone is happy when recognized for doing great job of upbringing new great ideas, it is good idea to determine ways to perform this. It is away of showing that the seniors are impressed with the creative employees. Therefore creative ideas should be rewarded with creative rewards in turn. Rewards can be categorized differently: professional rewards. This involves educational materials or books. Employers should provide materials that are valuable to employees to expound there subject mastery.(Mumford,Hunter Bedell,2008). Rewarding could be in form of money. This where a certain amount is contributed or set aside to reward creative employees. They feel accepted and focus for more great ideas that contribute positively to business. Course Employers should monitor the areas of their employees interesting topics and offer the courses together with certification. Also meeting people in seminars would facilitate ambiguous information and hence broadening their skills. Extra time This could be applicable during great weather like spring and winter. You would allow employees come an hour late which could make greater change. This would sound like a day off to them. Provide them with flexible hours by giving them a chance to work when they want to. This is because at time someone may be uncomfortable due prevailing situation and therefore making it hard for to focus. On the other hand employees work best when enforcement is not applied, because this would mean oneself engagement.(Sarmento,2011) Extra Day-off A free day always impresses employees. If possible it always good to allow them choose the day for themselves. Gifts Can give surprise gifts such as favorite movie, sweets and leave them on their desk and see how much they enjoy. They will really appreciate them. It could also be advisable to offer them gift cards congratulating them on their creativity. This could entail a composed congratulatory note pertaining the area of employee contribution. Give them leisure time. Do this by availing recreational education, can also pay their class of interest, such as cooking class or any of their choice. Organizing field trip for them is also a best way to reward them. Take them to places they love the most, and select a memorable place for them. They will definitely feel at pick. Based on all these arguments, implementation of successful rewards program for employees will eventually result to improved performance and employee contentment and higher motivation to engage in innovation processes leading to high profits (Weisberg,2006). They will definitely bring the best on the table. Consequently employees should not underestimate the rewards and lower their creativity. Either way it should be well managed on how rewards are tailored because some individuals handle very challenging and complex tasks. Therefore there reward should always match their performance. Personal reflection Throughout the research the experience modification has been managed. My view of things regarding ingenuity stands out to be crucial element. The research does not mean covering a task alone but also inheriting the incumbent tactics that makes a business mind. Learning about creativity and innovation I decipher that it an action that can take place anywhere you are, and that success begins with an individual. Conclusion In conclusion the study is the platform that unfolds successful people or organizations ingenuity world. Creativity and innovation are gears that steer development. Moreover it is vital for creativity to be in line with the business to avoid implementing wrong ideas. Creativity should be addressed and encouraged because a number of people may be keeping this aspect idle. It a call that this should be emphasized in schools for young ones to help nurture their capabilities. This would lead to a great generation of tomorrow with world full of creative people and innovators Mind map Source: Business901 References Mumford, M. D., Hunter, S. T., Bedell-Avers, K. E. (2008).Multi-level issues in creativity and innovation. Amsterdam: Elsevier JAI. Shalley, C. E., Hitt, M. A., Zhou, J. (2015).The Oxford handbook of creativity, innovation, and entrepreneurship. Ceserani, J. (2013). Big ideas: Putting the zest into creativity innovation at work. London: K. Page. Managing Knowledge Assets, Creativity and Innovation: Selected Works by Dorothy Leonard. (2011). S.l.: World Scientific Pub Co Inc. Bytheway, C. W. (2006). FAST creativity innovation: Rapidly improving processes, product development, and solving complex problems. Ft. Lauderdale, FL: J. Ross Pub. Paulus, P. B., Nijstad, B. A. (2013).Group creativity: Innovation through collaboration. New York: Oxford University Press. Tschmuck, P. (2012). Creativity and innovation in the music industry. Heidelberg: Springer. Plucker, J. (2016).Creativity and innovation: Theory, research, and practice. Place of publication not identified: Prufrock Pr. In Charyton, C. (2015).Creativity and innovation among science and art: A discussion of the two cultures. Sarmento, A. (2011). Technology for creativity and innovation: Tools, techniques and applications. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference. Dhillon, G., CreativeSME2009, Guimara?es, International Federation for Information Processing. (2009). Information systems - creativity and innovation in small and medium-sized enterprises: IFIP WG 8.2 international conference ; proceedings. (Information Systems - Creativity and Innovation in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises.) Berlin: Springer. Weisberg, R. W. (2006). Creativity: Understanding innovation in problem solving, science, invention, and the arts. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley Sons. Anheier, H. K., Isar, Y. (2010).Cultures and Globalization: Cultural Expression, Creativity and Innovation. London: Sage Publications. Mumford, M. D., Hunter, S. T., Bedell-Avers, K. E. (2008).Multi-level issues in creativity and innovation. Amsterdam: Elsevier JAI

Death Penalty Essays (426 words) - Penology, Criminology

The death penalty has been far revered as one of the controversial issues to plague man kind. The recourse of both sides of the issue has been to prove that their viewpoint on the issue is the correct one, which almost certainly opens up the door for a full fledge controversy. Does the death penalty serve as a deterrent to crime? If so, why are crime rates in the United States comparatively high? What are some countries responses to the death penalty? Some would try to quantify that the death penalty does serve as a deterrent to crime but, evidence proves otherwise. There are several countries that agree with using the death penalty and do so, such as: Iran, China, and Sudan as well at the United States. In recent years there have been uproars for abolishment of such capital punishment. What is your position on the death penalty, should it be legal, or should it be abolished? Why? I do not agree with the use of the death penalty and believe that it should be abolished. I know in biblical days it was very known that it was ?an eye for an eye; tooth for a tooth?, which basically means the punishment should go hand in hand with the crime i.e. if you commit murder, then you should be put to death in the same manner. I do not agree with this today my approach maybe viewed as one that is very liberal. I see it as that even for the most heinous crimes that one should be sentenced to life in prison at the most. I believe that guilt will prevail in the end and what better way to invoke guilt than to give someone an ?extended timeout? to think about what the have done. Should youths who have been convicted of violent crimes be subject to the death penalty? Why or Why not? Since I do not agree in totality with the death penalty I do not believe that youths should be subjected to the death penalty. In most cases this is proven because unless they are tried as an adult the most youth can get is life in prison and depending upon the age when they are sentenced life is not always forever. Does an ?extended timeout? or life imprisonment always the answer? In most cases I would emphatically have to say yes. References: Sociology, A Brief Introduction, R. T. Schaefer (8th Edition) 2009 http://www.prodeathpenalty.com/OrnellasPaper.htm http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/deterrence-states-without-death-penalty-have-had-consistently-lower-murder-rates

Intonation Contour in English Speech

Intonation Contour in English Speech In speech, intonation contour is a distinctive pattern of pitches, tones, or stresses in an utterance. Intonation contours are directly related to meaning. For instance, as Dr. Kathleen Ferrara has demonstrated (in Wennerstroms Music of Everyday Speech), the discourse marker anyway can be analyzed as having three different meanings, each with its own distinctive intonation contour. (See Examples and Observations, below.) See also: Intonation and Intonation PhraseEmphasisParalinguistics, Phonetics, and PhonologyProsodyRhythmSegment and SuprasegmentalStress Examples of Intonation Contours Suppose a secretary would like to know if his or her boss has completed drafting up an important report. He or she might ask, Finish that report? or perhaps the same secretary is telling the boss the list of things he or she planned to do next. He or she might say, Call Frankfurt. Write the memo to Purchasing. Finish that report. Now, perhaps, the secretary is talking to his or her assistant who is word processing this same report. He or she might say, Finish that report.In all three cases, this same string of words, Finish that report, would be said with quite different overall tone contours. In the first case, it would be given a questioning intonation; in the second case, it would be said with a non-emphatic final intonation contour; and in the third case, it would be said with an emphatic intonation contour indicating an imperative. Any native speaker of English would recognize the difference in meaning among these three intonation patterns, though the exact description of such c ontours is far from being a simple matter. . . .The reason intonation contour is so important to spoken discourse cohesion is that participants use their reading of intonation contours in deciding whether or not it is their turn to take over the floor.(Ron Scollon, Suzanne Wong Scollon, and Rodney H. Jones, Intercultural Communication: A Discourse Approach, 3rd ed. Wiley, 2012) The Problem of Terminology One immediate difficulty in consolidating the literature on intonation is the lack of agreement on terminology. If I wish to talk about syntax, I can feel confident that most audiences will understand words such as noun and verb. However, with intonation, terms such as stress, accent, tone, and emphasis may mean different things to different people. Not only are the lay terms different from the linguists terms, but linguists themselves disagree on terminology. To make matters worse, there are even different schools of thought on what counts as a unit in an intonation analysis. Should the intonation contour of an entire phrase be interpreted as a single, meaning-bearing unit? Is it possible to identify smaller units as meaningful? Where exactly does a unit start and stop?(Ann K. Wennerstrom, The Music of Everyday Speech: Prosody and Discourse Analysis. Oxford University Press, 2001)A well-canvassed discrepancy between an American predilection for levels and a British preference for tu nes is only one aspect of the differences that exist concerning how the utterance should be segmented for the purpose of describing its intonation. There is a rough similarity between the categories referred to in the literature as sense units, breath groups, tone groups, and contours, but the similarities are deceptive; and the various ways of further segmenting into nucleus, head, tail, tonic, pre-tonic, etc., compound the differences. The important point is that, whether this is explicit or not, each formulation amounts to a starting assumption about how the underlying meaning system is organized.(David C. Brazil, Intonation. The Linguistics Encyclopedia, ed. by Kirsten Malnkjaer. Routledge, 1995) Intonation Contours in Text-to-Speech Systems In text-to-speech systems, the goal of the intonation component is to generate an appropriate intonation contour for each spoken phrase. An intonation contour is the underlying fundamental frequency (F0) pattern that occurs over time in speech phrases. Physiologically, F0 corresponds to the frequency at which the vocal folds are vibrating. Acoustically, this vocal fold vibration provides the energy source that excites the vocal tract resonances during voiced portions of speech . . .. Listeners perceive an intonation contour as a pitch pattern that rises and falls at different points in a phrase. The intonation contour emphasizes certain words more than others, and distinguishes statements (with falling intonation contours) from yes/no questions (with rising intonation contours). It also conveys information about syntactic structure, discourse structure, and the speakers attitude. Behavioral scientists have been instrumental in basic research demonstrating the importance of intonation in the perception and production of speech, and in developing and evaluating intonation algorithms.(Ann K. Syrdal, Text-to-Speech Systems. Applied Speech Technology, ed. by A. Syrdal, R. Bennett, and S. Greenspan. CRC Press, 1995) Intonation Contours and the Brain There is evidence that intonational contour and patterns are stored in a distinct part of the brain from the rest of language. When someone experiences brain damage to the left side of the brain that seriously affects their linguistic abilities, making them unable to produce fluent or grammatical speech, they often maintain the appropriate intonation patterns of their language. Also, when right-hemisphere damage takes place, the result may be that the patient speaks with a monotone. And when babies who have not yet acquired any words begin to babble at around 6 months of age, they often utter nonsense syllables using the appropriate intonation pattern of the language they are acquiring.(Kristin Denham and Anne Lobeck, Linguistics for Everyone. Wadsworth, 2010) Also Known As: intonational contour

The Recognition of the Faces Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Recognition of the Faces - Article Example However, whether skin color is the major contributor for the ORE has not yet been experimentally determined. In this article, the skin color of African and Caucasian faces was manipulated without changing the facial features and face-recognition task was employed to determine whether own-race and other-race recognition depended on skin color or facial features. The research design involved the identification of a set of faces in the initial task and these faces where then manipulated and in the test phase the participants were presented with both the old and new faces and were required to press a key to identify an old and the new face. Recognition of the faces presented constitutes the dependent variable of the study while skin color and facial features are the independent variables. 48 Caucasian students participated in the task and in the initial task they were shown 16 faces in random order. This was followed by the test phase in which the 16 old faces and the 16 new faces were shown again in random order. The total faces presented were 64 chromatic pictures with 16 original African and 16 original Caucasian faces and 16 whitened African and 16 blackened Caucasian faces. All of the faces were obtained from the Tel Aviv face database with females constituting about half of the faces in each category. All the external features of the face s were cropped and the skin color conversion was carried out by extracting the red-green-blue values (RGB) taken from 16 coordinates on each face that was to be converted and they were matched at the same coordinates of the other-race face. This was followed by filtering and color-curve adjustment to complete the color conversion and all the procedures were carried out through Adobe Photoshop CS2 software. The four versions created were presented to each participant only once in the initial study and test phase of the task and each face was shown as either old or new.

Early Medical Practices in the Neolithic Period Research Proposal

Early Medical Practices in the Neolithic Period - Research Proposal Example The objectives are to conduct a visual survey and then a targeted analysis looking for narcotic or other chemical traces, and to interpret the remains holistically including any new evidence found. Literature review There is a very extensive literature on the burial practices of Neolithic peoples, (Thomas, 1999) and indeed excavations of burial sites, especially in Egypt but also across Europe and in the Americas provide the largest sources of human bone material for analysis. The form of deposition human remains is, however, not without its problems because the bones are subjected to various processes ranging from burning, to de-fleshing, selected preservation of only parts of the body, and mummification. Various kinds of positioning in different types of ground leave traces on the bones which add layers of complication to scientific analysis. Incomplete samples survive, with uneven distribution due to geological rather than historical variation, which makes it difficult to form a c omplete picture. There are some Neolithic bone samples which show evidence of healing, but it is not certain that this is a result of medical intervention. The large number of trephined skulls found in Europe in Neolithic deposits, and somewhat later also in Peru, is however, incontrovertible evidence of medical activity (Ackerknecht, 1968, p. 8). McKenzie (1936, p. 895) theorizes that the purpose of scraping a hole in the skull was to cure giddiness or epilepsy but it is unclear what evidence can be drawn to point to this conclusion, other than that no trauma is evident in the bones, which could otherwise explain the hole. The Peruvian examples do show evidence of... This study is a great example of an investigation into Neolithic Doctoring practices via visual and chemical analysis. The Neolithic period from between 4000 and 2000 BC is widely recognised as being pivotal in human history because it marks the time when large populations of people shifted from a nomadic, hunter-gatherer lifestyle to a more settled existence dependent on agriculture as a major food source. Evidence for this has been gathered from several centuries of work in the field of archaeology. Often, however, the human artifacts do not provide complete answers to exploratory research questions, and so holistic techniques from the field of anthropology can be used to make sense of supplement sparse findings. The aim of the study is to explore the evidence in Neolithic skeletal remains in order to illuminate medical practices of this period. The majority of the material available from the Neolithic period consists of skeletal remains, and some work has been done on dental evidence and diet (Lubell et al., 1994). A combination of thorough visual examination and modern GC-MS testing of the bone material for chemical elements offers a new angle on medical practices because it will reveal both healing processes at work, and any potential use of medicinal narcotics. These testing techniques have been used on organic residues of 958 British prehistoric pots to trace dairy material and a similar method applied to Neolithic bone may bring to light significant information on medical practices of that time.

Legal Structure of Business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Legal Structure of Business - Research Paper Example There is no limit on the amount of stock a C Corporation can generate and there is a limited personal liability for stockholders which are also beneficial. The Internal Revenue Service lists various approaches to the taxation requirements for a C Corporation, part of the benefits of using the C Corporation is that the profit of a corporation is taxed when earned, and taxed to the shareholders when distributed. (Corporations, 2011 p 1) The elements most necessary in a General Corporation or C Corporation are three tiers of power, stockholders, directors and officers. Clear separation of responsibilities and rights for each position, no limit to size, directors run the company, directors are elected by stockholder vote, stockholders own the company, minority stockholders are not responsible for the company (clarify exactly what reflects a minor stockholder) and can be subchapter S if all the qualifications are met. (Incorporating 101, 2011 np) Being a subchapter S is a positive thing f or companies with fewer than 100 stockholders. They are allowed tax relief in the form of avoiding the double taxation that occurs with many public companies. (Subchapter S, 2011 p 1) This means that instead of the taxes being directed at the C Corporation they are directed at the dividends or earnings of the stockholders.

Merger and Acquisitions Theories in Management

Merger and Acquisitions Theories in Management Management theory and practice Mergers and acquisitions are a main means by which single and individuals are able to grow and then enter the new markets. After this happens, the competitive structure of the whole industries may alter radically in a span of a short time. Mergers are the unifications of two or even more firms into forming a new one whereas acquisitions are the companys purchases of the majority of the shares from another. Mergers and acquisitions can also represent a major mechanism through which the firms that are national are able to become multinational firms. The cost and benefit analysis of the mergers and acquisitions affect the decision by the managers and the shareholders of whether to take up a specific merger and acquisition. The decision by the employees also can lead to the acceptance or refusal of the merger and acquisition (Paul Simon 2). In this paper, I am going to research on why the employee-related issues prevent the succeeding of a merger or acquisition. The modern business environment is characterized by change that is continuous in nature. Every organization is considered as a system where work, process, system, people are all aligned in order to ensure that the unit of the individual, individual and overall systems are well fit to deliver the strategies of the organization. The objective of the integrative process is to integrate people, processes, technologies and strategy without interrupting service, quality or product and not only to combine financial standing of any two companies. Employees issues in relation to the integration phase always relate to the human capital related integration issues such as integration of the culture of the organization, leadership, organization structure and design, processes and systems and retention of the key talent. The other important issues are effective planning for the purpose of integration, employee communications, and the selection of good leaders to manage the business combination and the creation of practices and policies for knowledge sharing and learning and also the transfer. The failure to address the issues that concern merger and acquisition impacts the new and current organization very negatively at the stage of post-merger in two levels. One of these two levels is the individual level and the reactions of the individual employees are insecurity, powerlessness, alienation, a drop in productivity, loss of energy and the rise in absenteeism which increases turnover and profits. Other stress factors include the performance evaluation criteria, the loss of control over the life of the professional and also the alterations in the reporting relationships which would also impact the merger or the acquisition adversely or negatively. There are also many other psychological impacts which result from the merger activity. These are lifestyle instability, loss of confidence, depression, anxiety among others and these symptoms may lead to large-scale industrial strikes at times (Nilanjan and Bhattacharya 143). From this we can find that due to these impacts, the employees can resist the mergers and or acquisition in their companies. The other level is the corporate level and at this level the impacts are long-term in the cultural integration, organization structure and design, processes and systems. The failure to tackle these issues in the phase of planning of the merger process can lead to outcomes such as benefits integration, high financial costs, incompatible HR plans and policies, inadequate communication to the employees, insufficient provisions and reserves for risks that had not been discovered and/or improperly evaluated, inefficient financial accounting for the integration costs, the loss of loyalty of the employees leading to the high turnover rates, the dilemma of the workforce reduction, reduced productivity and finally leads to lowered employee morale (Nilanjan and Bhattacharya 144). These issues are the ones that drive the employees to be against and protect the mergers and acquisitions. The strategic combinations of the mergers and acquisitions have a dramatically greater chance of success in terms of providing the added value to all employees, and shareholders. The success could also be experienced in justifying of the acquisition premium when they are led, designed and implemented with these four elements. The first element is the integrative perspective in which the mergers need to be seen as combinations that try to balance the interplay of the organizational architecture and organizational strategy with the guiding principles of the management of the change. The second element is the designed integration which is the scope, intensity and degree of the integration and should be driven by elementary business case for the merger or acquisition which defines integration process. The third is the differential leadership because leadership is very vital and different leaders have different roles. The leadership roles should be considered and assigned at the initial stages because this could bring confusion at the late stages. Lastly, the expanded due diligence factor is considered where the organizational issues are discussed. In this case, the organizational diligence is made a crucial part of the merger and the acquisition chain of events as is the due financial and legal diligence. An example of the job losses caused by mergers and acquisitions and also the reduction of salaries of the members of banks is the European banking sector. Since the start of 1990s, the European banking sector has witnessed massive job losses and the decrease of the salaries of the employees who were left. The impact of these job losses has been greater in the Northern Europe rather than in the southern Europe. The employment in the sector of insurance has also been affected as a result of mergers and acquisition. The nature and quality of the employment has greatly changed from the year 2000 in Europe (Paul and Simon 2002: 45). The reductions of employment have affected the branch administrative and networks functions. The older workers with the conventional banking skills who do not qualify and therefore not transferable easily to the new developed and centralized functions, for example those that work in the call centers, are affected adversely. These are the people who may rise ag ainst any mergers and/or acquisitions and also the banks may consider these people and reach a decision not to accept any mergers and acquisitions. Mergers and acquisitions have been known to accelerate corporate practices because the enterprises tend to review the whole cost structure entailing the mergers and acquisitions with the aim of identifying the very maximum savings that are possible. The job losses have increased greatly from 17.5% to 24% due to many mergers and acquisitions. A merger and/or acquisition also referred to as a takeover invalidates in many ways the employment contract. The employee works for someone else without having taken the required steps to change his or her employers. This brings into clear view in an emphatic manner the one-sidedness of the employment relationship and also the idea that the employees do not have any control over the decision of who their employers are. The mergers and/or acquisitions are described as the legitimate means for breaking the implicit contracts in the view of restructuring (Paul and Simon 2002: 183). The mergers are seen as avenues to disrupt job security that the employees have held for long periods and therefore are bound to disrupt the process of mergers and/or acquisitions. These mergers and acquisitions appear to the employees as deliberate strategies to violate the internal norms and also as a hard, brute exercise of powers and therefore they can prevent the succeeding of the mergers and acquisitions. The integrating of the different company procedures and systems requires the harmonization of the different aspects of terms and conditions that apply to the employment signings. These include job titles, pay scales, job descriptions, entitlements and benefits, supervisory and reporting lines are all subjected to revision in order to ensure that there is common practice in the new mergers and acquisitions. These changes may make the employees to reject any mergers and acquisitions. The mergers and the acquisitions upset the links between explicit and implicit contracts in accompany that was in the past based on trust between workers and managers, they are presently founded on assumptions and beliefs regarding mutual responsibility between employees and employers. The integration, merger and acquisition also requires the harmonization of the different aspects of conditions and terms of the employment to ensure that common practice in the combined organization which may alter the existing practices of the human resource and management of either or even both of the organizations. Workers or employees have also considered the lack of incentives due to mergers and acquisitions. There is no transparency in the reward systems and the mergers also lead to contradiction between performance assessments that focus on personal contribution and the objectives that require team-based work. The employees therefore call for better balanced team-based and individual rewards. This is supported by trade unions where they argue that the alterations to the psychological contract which include erosion in the job security are not well reflected in the enterprise reward systems after the mergers and acquisitions. This decreased job security, increased workloads, stress and anxiety are other significant consequences of the heightened merger and acquisitions activity. These factors coupled with lowered morale and also a deterioration of the organization performance has led the employees to be against the implementation of mergers, takeovers and acquisition. This human side of the acquisitions and mergers is all about the overall impact that mergers and/or acquisitions have on the employees in a certain company. These impacts on the psychological difficulties that the employees experience, the culture clashes which may emerge in companies during the post-merger integration period. Finally the ways in which these outcomes manifest themselves that include communication breakdowns, there is also the we-they mentality that occurs between the inclusive organizations in the merger and acquisitions, minimized commitment, reductions in productivity, organizational struggles for power and also office politicking and at last the loss of the key and main organizational members. All these factors combined include the employee issues that affect the realization of mergers and acquisitions (Anthony and James 3). Through research through face to face interviews, a writer concluded that the employees were an important asset to the companies and that they should be considered when the management decides on mergers and acquisitions. Through an interview with an employee of a company that had undergone acquisition, Hayes was told that the employees would not make any move because they were told that their methods were outdated and that they would have to readjust to the new companys way of conducting their activities. He indicated that when he tried to complain to the corporate about the situation, he was warned that if he squawked too loud, his position would be in jeopardy. This resulted to the destruction of the company morale and with time, the main people started leaving and it did not take much time before he also resigned (Hayes 1981: 131). If the company had taken into consideration all complains of their employers, they would have retained their experienced workers and this would increas e the productivity levels. Acquisition and mergers can adequately transform the organizational processes, systems, structures and also cultures of one or both of the companies involved that the employees will often feel confused, frustrated, frightened, stressed or even frustrated and therefore whenever the employees of a particular company here of any merger and/or acquisition they are ready to prevent the realization of the same. On the personal level, these feelings often lead to psychosomatic difficulties, sense of loss, marital discord and at the extreme level, they can lead to suicide. On the level of organization, these feelings are manifested in lowered productivity and commitment, increased disloyalty and dissatisfaction, increased turnover among the key managers, power and leadership struggles especially among the managers who remain in the organization and finally an increase in the dysfunctional work-related behaviors at all the levels of the hierarchy. These impacts on the employee and by the empl oyee are issues that negatively affect the mergers and acquisitions. It is reported that in the 3000 and above mergers that occurred in the year 1985, so many employees estimated to be more than ten thousand lost their jobs and others were forced to accept early retirement (Kanter and Segger-man 1986: 17). It was also estimated that by the year 1990, there will be 2500 savings and loans and 5400 banks that would be involved in mergers and these would affect more than 900, 000 people in the United States. In the year 2009, it was noted that there were decreasing mergers and acquisition activities and that also the credits were tightening. One of the reasons of a successful merger and transaction activity is the compensation which is never done and if it is done it is only given to the executives. The compensation can be a powerful tool to motivate the management and its team to influence positive outcomes in the activity involving mergers and acquisition. This has not been the case in the recent past and the employees are laid off without being paid well leading to the negative feelings that they experience shortly afterwards. This can explain the reduction of the merger and acquisition activity because the employees through their managers are able to prevent the realization or completion of a merger and/or acquisition owing to the fact that they are not compensated. In the recent past there was the acquisition of Merrill Lynch by the Bank of America, there was a problem in the executive pay and compensation and this led to a very expensive roadblock to the desired transaction. A report by the PricewaterhouseCooper indicates that the merger and acquisition activity has decreased 86 percent from the year 2008, the previous year. In addition to these statistics, when the High Court approves the schemes of arrangement of a merger, it takes into account the workers interests. The scheme of arrangement must provide for adequate protection for the employees service benefits and conditions. If the scheme shows otherwise, the High court does not agree to the terms and conditions of the merger and therefore we find that the issues of the employee are considered. The organizational behavior is always reflected by acquisition behavior, the relative size and the cultural compatibility. Global mergers and acquisitions are the main corporate strategies which the multinational corporations use to diversify, expand or even consolidate their businesses. In the year 2006, there was a recorded worldwide annual value of the acquisition transactions exceeded US $ 4 trillion (Larsen 2007: 23). This trend was also recorded in the year 2007 where the worldwide transaction value of the acquisitions in only the first 3 months ranged at US $ 1.13trillion which was the highest busiest recorded quarter ever in history (Saigol and Politi 2007: 145). However, almost 83%of these transactions were unsuccessful (KPMG, 1999; Sirower 1997). A considerable amounts of research developed that the failures were caused by the absence of a national cultural fit which is the cultural distance of the workers and employees (Rottig and Reus 2006: 340). This may lead to cultural problems and clashes among the involved workforces. This in return lowers the employee cooperation and commitment, cause voluntary turnover of the acquired top managers and could also complicate the process of post-acquisition integration (Very and Schweiger 2001:22). The cultural distance might have some positive results but it is among the high points that lead to the failure of the mergers and acquisitions and it is an employee-related issue. The organizational culture which is defined as the interdependent and interrelated system of practices, beliefs, norms and assumptions that the members of the organization bear collectively should be put into consideration before a merger and/or acquisition because when they are altered extensively after the merger, the employees will tend to work against them and this will not promote success of the merger and/or acquisition. The assumptions, norms and practices could be unconscious which are learnt through the socialization of the organization and often reflect the shared perceptions of the daily practices and also determine the things that are carried out within an organization (Gertsen, et al. 1998: 123). An example is the acquisition of the Tokyo Bank by the Mitsubishi Bank in the year 2003. These two organizations had very dissimilar organization cultures. The employees of the Mitsubishi Bank shared a common cultural norm of being to work on time, wearing only white shirts while at work and also thanking their department supervisors and managers in person for any monthly pay checks. But in contrast, the employees of Tokyo Bank were not used to strict dress code and being reprimanded for getting to work late and they also had no duty to carry out a thanksgiving ceremony as they collected their monthly salaries. After the acquisition activity, a huge number of the employees of the Tokyo Bank were alienated by the strict culture of the Mitsubishi Bank and they left the combined company voluntarily. This was in the United States. This is an example of how the employee-related issues could lead to unsuccessful mergers and acquisitions. Poor communication between the employees of the same company after a merger or an acquisition could lead to problems of integration in both the domestic and the international mergers and/or acquisitions. This may cause unsuccessful mergers and acquisitions and it is an employee-related issue. On the other hand, the international acquisitions are characterized by ethnocentrism; nationalistic attitudes; xenophobia and language barriers (Vaara 2003: 864) and these could lead to the failure of the mergers and acquisitions. Work cited Nilanjan Sengupta and Bhattacharya Mousumi. Managing change in organizations.PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. Anthony Buono and James Bowditch. The human side of mergers and acquisitions: managing collisions between people, cultures and organizations. Chicago: Beard Books, 2003 Kanter, R and Seggerman, T. managing mergers, acquisitions, and divestiures. Management review, Oct 1986, pp 16-17. Hayes, R. what happens to my people after I sell? The human side of acquisition. In S. J. Lee and R. D. Colman (eds.), handbook of mergers, acquisitions and buyouts. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1981. Paul Temple and Simon Peck. Mergers and Acquisitions: critical perspectives on business and management. : Taylor Francis, 2002. Thomas Straub. Reasons for frequent failure in mergers and acquisitions. Germany: DUV, 2007. Rottig, D. Reus, T.H. Organizational and national cultures consequences for acquisition performance: A meta-analysis, Paper presented at Southern Management Association, Clearwater Beach, 2006. Saigol, L. Politi, J. MA volume tops $1,000bn, Financial Times, March 30: 13, 2007. KPMG. Mergers and Acquisitions: Global Research Report 1999. London: KPMG, 1999. Gertsen, M., Soderberg, A.M. Torp, J.E. Cultural Dimensions of International Mergers and Acquisitions, Walter de Gruyter: Berlin, 1998 Gertsen, M.C., Soderberg, A.M. Torp, J.E. Different concepts of culture, in Gertsen, M. C., Soderberg, A.M. Torp, J. E., editors (eds.) Cultural Dimensions of International Acquisitions, Walter de Gruyter: Berlin, 1998. Vaara, E. Post-acquisition integration as sense making: Glimpses of ambiguity, confusion, hypocrisy, and politicization, Journal of Management Studies, 40(4): 859-94, 2003 Very, P. Schweiger, D.M. The acquisition process as a learning process: Evidence from a study of critical problems and solutions in domestic and cross-border deals, Journal of World Business, 36(1): 11-31, 2001. Sirower, M.L. The Synergy Trap: How Companies Lose the Acquisition Game, Free Press: New York, 1997.

The Cycles of International Conflict Essay -- International Conflict

Wars have been waged for decades creating the world we live in today. Charles Tilly observed, â€Å"the state made war and war made the state† (qtd in Sernau, 2009, 147). However, these battles have been destructive and bloody resulting in the deaths of countless individuals. These grave consequences lead us to ask the ever problematic question, what could possibly motivate a state to engage in warfare? Fundamentally, some believe war is linked to a conflict of political and economic interests rooted in power struggles ranging from territorial and humanitarian to ideological and ethnic while others argue that war has become ingrained in our societies and economies resulting in this tenacious cycle of confrontation. Territories are the bases of states. Accordingly, Joshua Goldstein and Jon Pevehouse explain that â€Å"Most of today’s borders are the result of past wars (in which winners took territory from losers) or were imposed arbitrarily by colonizers† (Goldstein and Pevehouse, 2009, 25). Territory is precious to states and is rarely yielded voluntarily for any incentive and lost territory is not quickly forgotten (Goldstein and Pevehouse, 2009, 133). For example, disputes were the consequences of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after World War I and the Middle Eastern region being colonized by England and France through the Sykes Picot agreement (Singh, 2003). Eventually these colonies gained their freedom but several territory disputes arose the most prominent being the Israeli-Palestinian conflict linked to the Oslo Accords (Singh, 2003). The concept of irredentism which is â€Å"The goal of regaining territory lost to another state† (Goldstein and Pevehouse, 200 9, 133) is a problematic result of this dispute with Palestinians belie... ...tions." Bint Jbeil. 1993. Web. 9 Apr. 2012. . Kent, John. "Cold War and the Periphery." History in Focus. Institute of Historical Research, 2006. Web. 9 Apr. 2012. . Nikitin, Alexander. "Political and Economic Causes of War." Proc. of 50th Pugwash Conference On Science and World Affairs: Eliminating the Causes of War, Queen's College, Cambridge. 2000. Print. Sanchez, Peter. Class Lecture. International Politics. Loyola University, Chicago, IL. 26 Mar 2012. Sernau, Scott. Global Problems: The Search for Equity, Peace, and Sustainability. Boston: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon, 2009. Print. Singh, K. G. "Treating the Symptoms Instead of the Cause." Asia Times Online. 31 July 2003. Web. 5 Apr. 2012. .

The White Umbrella

The White Umbrella The narrator of The White Umbrella is ashamed of her mom because she works. Throughout the story, she begins to have a different perspective of her mom. In the end of The White Umbrella, she respects her mom and realizes that her mom likes to have a job. One of the things that helps her to realize that is she sees how much she loves working. Her mom says on page 332, â€Å"â€Å"A promotion already! † she said finally. † Her mom likes her job.The narrator learns that she loves her mom no matter what she does when they get in a wreck. The narrator says â€Å"†Mom! † I screamed. â€Å"Mom! Wake up! † Luckily, no one was hurt and she comes to realize that she does not care that her mom has a job. Back in the beginning, she is ashamed that her mom works even though she does not know where she is working. The narrator explains this when she is having a conversation with her mom; â€Å"†Lots of people’s mothers work. † â€Å"Those are American people,† I said. † In addition, she does not mention her mom’s job to her piano teacher because she is so ashamed and she and her sister have to walk to practice because of this. â€Å"â€Å"I don’t think so,† said Mona as we walked to our piano lesson after school. In the middle of the story, her mom tells her where she is working, but is even more disappointed. She still thinks it is like being poor. The narrator asks her mom to quit. Another reason why she does not want her to work is that the mom forgot them at practice. â€Å"† My mother’s almost here,† I said â€Å"she’s on her way. †Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"†¦You’ve been out here an hour already. †Ã¢â‚¬  She was ashamed of her mom working but now does not mind that her mother has a job as long as she is happy. The narrator of The White Umbrella reconsiders her mother working throughout the story.

Mangement and Leadership

Management and Leadership Cortnie Edwards MGT/330 December 19, 2011 Alecia Cummings Management and Leadership Habitat for Humanity was founded in 1976 by Millard and Linda Fuller. The couple had a dream of following their Christian lifestyle and helping others in need. They wanted to help families living in poverty and build new homes. The idea was they would build housed with no profit and charge no interest. â€Å"The concept that grew into Habitat for Humanity International was born at Koinonia Farm, a small, interracial, Christian farming community founded in 1942 outside of Americus, Ga. , by farmer and biblical scholar Clarence Jordan.Building would be financed by a revolving Fund for Humanity. The fund's money would come from the new homeowners' house payments, donations and no-interest loans provided by supporters and money earned by fund-raising activities. The monies in the Fund for Humanity would be used to build more houses† (â€Å"Thrivent Builds With Habitat For Humanity â€Å",  2011). The organization took off with unbelievable results. The Fullers took their organization internationally and have now since built over 400,000 homes. Leading and managing an organization such as Habitat for Humanity involves a multitude of diverse ideas, visions, and people. What is the difference between management and leadership? It is a question that has been asked more than once and also answered in different ways. The biggest difference between managers and leaders is the way they motivate the people who work or follow them, and this sets the tone for most other aspects of what they do† (â€Å"Leadership Vs. Management†,  2002-2011). Habitat for Humanity starts with the board of directors. Habitat for Humanity International board members oversee the direction of Habitat’s activities worldwide as the organization works to eradicate substandard housing.Directors are elected to two-year terms that may be renewed four times. They r eceive no compensation for their voluntary service. The board of directors is responsible for affiliate policies and procedures, program development, financial stewardship, supervision of volunteer staff, fundraising, public relations, and legal matters. There are global directors that â€Å"represent the Asia-Pacific region in the global Habitat communications team in the creation and implementation of worldwide brand building, marketing and advocacy initiatives and campaigns.This includes devising Asia-Pacific roll-out strategies; liaising and sharing with peers in other Habitat regions; and coordinating and collaborating with the HQ communications team on global strategies and initiatives† (â€Å"Alertnet†,  2011). The organization is made up mostly of volunteers and describes different levels among the organization as committees. The development, site selection, and public relations committees are just a few of the different leadership levels Habitat for Humanity has. The development committee is responsible for raising funds and for introducing people to our work.This committee is also responsible for special events and outreach to businesses. The site selection committee works with town officials and developers to identifying and evaluating potential sites for new Habitat homes. This committee is always looking for new members with insight into the local real estate market and the inner workings of town government. The public relations committee is responsible for raising awareness of Habitat for Humanity in our service area. Responsibilities include media relations and publishing a quarterly newsletter.In a non-profit organization there is often very little direction offered to volunteers, leaving them with many decisions to be made on their own. There is a lot of focus on the bigger picture, which in this case is to provide as many families as possible with shelter. However, the steps to achieving the overall goals or mission are not as clearly defined as would be in a profit-seeking company. According to the McKinsey Capacity Assessment Grid, Habitat for Humanity exemplifies effective governance.This offers a competitive advantage because the managers’ decisions are aligned with the stakeholders’ interests since the managers may very well be shareholders themselves. The managers definitely devote their time and energy to improve the financial position of the organization so that it can offer assistance to those that require it the most. Habitat for Humanity is such a large organization; it is broken up into chapters, representing different regions of the world. Each chapter consists of different levels of leaders. At the top of the chain is the President. The President is esponsible for setting and distributing agendas for meetings, setting and distributing calendars of events, maintaining a working relationship with the local affiliate, coordinating an open communication with the Office of Student Activities, and keeping chapter focused on its goals. The vice president follows. His responsibilities consist of serving as project manager of chapter build, serving as chapter chaplain, keeping an open communication with the Construction and Horticulture Club, and overseeing family liaison, volunteer coordinator, superintendents, and tools management.Family liaison pursues a relationship with the family that they are building for. They also keep all other members informed of the family's needs. Brainstorms ideas for gifts to family, plans family gatherings, and makes scrapbooks for the family. Volunteer Coordinators are responsible for keeping track of the number of volunteers designated for the build days. Tools management maintains volunteers on the work site through a sign in/out sheet. They may also assign designated tools to each volunteer as needed through sign in/out sheet.Superintendents maintain a close relationship with the VP during the build day. They will often be one of the most experienced on site and will help the Project Manager decide how to go about construction. They may also help educate and designate groups through construction. â€Å"The ability to implement strategies in an organization is one of the most skillful managerial requirements and knowledge that we need in critical aspects to run an organization† (â€Å"Strategies That Organizational Managers and Leaders Can Use to Create and Maintain a Healthy â€Å",  2011). Leaders and managers in an organization can use some factors to create a healthy organizational culture, such factors are social factors, physical setting, technology, organizing arrangements and individual behavior. Leaders and managers are required to have increased resources, perceptive knowledge, and superior talent and enhanced capabilities to continue facilitating processes toward attaining the ultimate objectives, discovering and commercializing safety of the organization.These multiple activities re quire managers and leaders who have the significant of strategies implementation and core competencies and organizational capabilities that create values to changes of the organization† (â€Å"Strategies That Organizational Managers And Leaders Can Use To Create And Maintain A Healthy†,  2011). A strategy is something an organization uses to help it reach its vision and mission. Habitat for Humanity’s global strategy, asks what markets it should be operating in. As a resource based organization, however, this question is less important.The organization is not looking for opportunities to enter new industries and therefore develop new competencies. Rather, it is looking for ways to use its internal strengths and competencies in the market place. Habitat has chosen a global strategy that has them participating only in one type of non-profit industry – mainly the zero-interest mortgage and home building market. If they were to diversify into other non-profi t markets such as non-perishable foods for example, the organization’s few resources may become too spread out and its core competencies would be stretched rendering all activities less effective.If there was a business-level strategy category for Habitat for Humanity, it would definitely have to be one of cost leadership. The land, supplies, and labor are all acquired at low cost or free of charge. This strategy requires a centralized functional structure so that there can be higher rates of efficiency and better methods of meeting the objectives determined. Habitat incorporates this strategy through and through although its focus is on increasing efficiency so that more families can be helped – not to increase profits.Adapting to different cultures, religions, languages, and people are just a few obstacles volunteers face when working with the globalization within Habitat for Humanity. Globalization makes a huge impact on volunteers. The United Nations has designated the first Monday in October as annual World Habitat Day. According to Habitat International, World Habitat Day’s purpose is to call attention to the current global state of the human habitat and push toward adequate housing for all. By raising awareness and advocating for universal decent housing the systems that reinforce and entrench poverty housing can be altered and even changed.Habitat builds dignity through providing a shelter bringing a family closer together, it builds relationships throughout the world, and it builds community. Habitat for Humanity does all of this through globalization. They are helping people all over the world helping people become part of the globalization. Sustainability and Green building are two ways that Habitat is addressing globalization issues. Based on the research I have done on this organization, I found that there are a couple of strategies the organization an use to help obtain more volunteers and build credibility. The first option is partnering up with more trade schools. Students would be able to obtain hands-on experience and at the same time have the opportunity to add valuable volunteer hours to their resume. It would build a lifelong relationship with the institutions in addition to securing help and perhaps setting the tone for students to keep volunteering after graduation. The second strategy would be to obtain a Better Business Bureau Charity Seal to gain credibility.Obtaining a Better Business Bureau Charity Seal would allow Habitat for Humanity to gain credibility in addition to getting more recognition. A lot of community members look to the Better Business Bureau when making decisions as to which businesses to get involved with or which charities to donate to. There may be people that have not heard of Habitat for Humanity but may learn about the organization through the BBB Website. Joining forces with and obtaining recognition from organizations such as the Better Business Bureau could benefit Habitat for Humanity by providing them with the opportunity to acquire even more volunteers.As with any company or organization, there are always opportunities and risks involved. Making the best decisions for the families that are in need is the only way for Habitat to continue with their success. Strong leadership and management will continue to help the organization prosper. Many of the leaders of Habitat had to overcome their own struggles to get where they are today driving them to make the issue of poverty so much more of a priority. Skill, hard work, and their belief in living out God’s word have built this organization to where it is today.References Thrivent Builds with Habitat for Humanity. (2011). Retrieved from http://www. thriventbuilds. com/partnership/habitat/history. html Leadership vs. Management. (2002-2011). Retrieved from http://changingminds. org/disciplines/leadership/articles/manager_leader. htm Alertnet. (2011). Retrieved from http://www. trust. org/al ertnet/jobs/2011-08-26-1458/ http://www. articleclick. com/Article/Strategies-That-Organizational-Managers-and-Leaders-Can-Use-to-Create-and-Maintain-a-Healthy/997166

Computers Essay †La computadora es muy beneficiosa

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What is Philosophy Essay Upon reading the opening chapter of Cahn’s, â€Å"Exploring Philosophy: An Introductory Anthology†, I was immediately drawn in by the opening statement from Beardsley and Beardsley: â€Å"The study of philosophy is unlike the study of any other subject†¦The only prerequisite is an inquiring mind† (Cahn, 3). For a science major, my first reaction is excitement, for there is no need to memorize â€Å"dates, formulas, or rules† (Chan, 3). As I continued reading however, I start to think to myself what I believe it means to take a philosophy course? My definition of taking a philosophy course is I would be studying the ideas of one’s thoughts, beliefs, morals, religion, and any other â€Å"stereotypical† philosophical description. However, thanks to the definition provided, when broken down, â€Å"the word philosophy is of Greek origin and literally means, â€Å"the love of wisdom† (Cahn, 3). What does that even mean? Throughout the opening chapter, both authors try to dissect, analyze, and examine these ideas of ‘philosophy’ and ‘philosophical questions’ for readers, like myself, to gain a better understanding for exploring such a concept. Still, how do I truly know that I have reached such an answer? There are three chief benefits that the authors provide, â€Å"that are to be derived from the study of philosophy†. The first being, â€Å"increased clearness in your own beliefs† (Chan 10). For me, I believe this statement to be saying that I must truly be sure that what I hold to be true is in fact true to me. The second is, â€Å"increased assurance that your beliefs are reasonable† (Cahn, 10). So to my understanding, now that I believe that such a fact is true, I must also make sure that it is reasonable. What does it mean for something to be reasonable? â€Å"’Reasonable’ has a broad, but definite, meaning here: a reasonable belief is simply a belief for which a good reason can be given. Reasonable beliefs are logically justifiable† (Cahn, 3). Okay, so if I put this in my own words, it means that this fact that I hold to be true, must also have some sort of good purpose for it to hold such meaning. The third and last benefit is, â€Å"increased consistency† (Cahn, 11). Because there are so many questions one can ask that can force us to contradict most anything, this third belief to me is saying that, with consistency, there may be a possibility of coming to an actual answer or an agreement of such facts or ideas. Not sure if I cleared up what philosophy means to me, or if I confused myself more. Hopefully I do not confuse you either. I wrote on this first reading, because it really captured my attention in that, sometimes we as humans do philosophical thinking and questioning though we may not always be aware of it. Whether we are questioning some sort of fact out loud, or internally – we are participating in â€Å"philosophical thinking† (Cahn, 7). Therefore, it is important to understand what this term ‘philosophy’ means. I am excited for this course to explore many ideas and to uncover/discover such conceptual thinking and ideas that I may not be aware of, through the readings and discussions we will be holding in class.