The Functions Of Community Mental Health Social Work Essay Essay Example

The Functions Of Community Mental Health Social Work Essay Essay This bureau study will concentrate upon the intent and maps of a Community Mental Health Team ( Older People ) ( CMHT ( OP ) ) . It will research the responsibilities and duties of the squad, trying to analyze the CMHT ( OP ) part to run intoing the demands of their service users. Outline of the Agency. Based in the north-east of England, this CMHT ( OP ) is one of five vicinity squads, who are portion of a model lending to the proviso of specialist mental wellness services for older people, within this distinguishable geographical country. Basically, a multidisciplinary squad supplying intervention and support for older people with complex and/or long term mental wellness jobs and their carers within the community, directed through an appraisal of demands upon referral. The squad consists of three community psychiatric nurses ( CPNs ) , two societal workers and societal work helper, who carryout such appraisals of demands under the way of the Care Programme Approach ( CPA ) and Single Assessment Process ( SAP ) . Whilst, an occupational healer ( OT ) and an occupational therapy helper ( OTA ) utilise the appraisal procedure to back up in the proviso of specialist equipment to ease rehabilitation. The support worker helps the service user with practical demands in order to back up t heir recovery. We will write a custom essay sample on The Functions Of Community Mental Health Social Work Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Functions Of Community Mental Health Social Work Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Functions Of Community Mental Health Social Work Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A Principal Social Worker is straight responsible for the direction of the societal work staff and they are in bend accountable to the Local Authority s ( LA ) Community Partnership Manager. The CPNs and back up worker are managed by a Team Manager, who is accountable to a Clinical Services Manager from the NHS Foundation Trust. Both the OT and OTA are managed by a Principal Occupational Therapist whom is accountable to an Assistant Commissioning Services Manager from the NHS Foundation Trust. For the intent of this study, it is of import to clear up that the relationship that appears to be between the LA and NHS Foundation Trust is based chiefly upon the joint commissioning of services. The operation of the CMHT ( OP ) is such that the wellness and societal attention professionals who compose the squad operate from the same base, nevertheless, the services they deliver run aboard one another but are non genuinely integrated , as in the entirety depicted by Lingard and Milne ( 2004 ) . Agency Provision within the Policy and Legislative Context. In recent old ages, the demands of older people with mental wellness jobs have been comparatively neglected with support and resources afforded to the spheres of Mental Health and Older Peoples, insufficiently achieving to the alone demands of this group ( Audit Commission, 2002 ; Marshall and Tibbs, 2006 ) . A permissive legislative model nowadayss in run intoing the demands of older people, so, merely those with the most advanced demands appear to profit, with no specific support towards the demands of older people with mental wellness jobs. Yet, the hopes of righting this balance have been set against a background of current policy that strives towards raising criterions, equity, authorization, societal inclusion, bar and partnership ( Department of Health 1998 ; HM Government, 2007 ) . While such rhetoric agreements with the intrinsic beliefs that permeate the value base of societal work ( BASW, 2002 ) , the world of the clime in which they intersect nowadayss an wholly contradic tory discourse in mundane societal work pattern, as will be farther discussed in this study. Notably, the huge array of policy tendencies and statute law which guides the CMHT ( OP ) is founded upon the rule of seamless attention . Basically, supported through wellness and societal attention professionals working together to enable people to populate independently within the community, as outlined within the NHS and Community Care Act ( NHSCCA ) ( 1990 ) . Indeed, the policy jussive mood of integrating between wellness and societal attention was furthermore established with the debut of the National Service Frameworks for Older Peoples ( NSFOP ) ( Department of Health, 2001 ) . Standard 7 of the NSFOP kind to guarantee that older people with mental wellness jobs could entree integrated services for mental wellness which were efficient and effectual in their bringing. Supplemented further through the debut of the SAP, whereby, older people s wellness and societal attention demands were to be responded to in a well reasoned, efficient mode avoiding unneeded duplicate of appra isals from other professionals ( LAC ( 2002 ) 1 ) . At roundabout the same clip as SAP was being introduced, the modernization of the CPA was besides happening with precise mention to the effectual attention co-ordination of the demands of older people with mental wellness jobs ( Department of Health, 1999 ) . Agency policies and processs are a direct reading of such counsel and are farther underpinned by the rules of the Human Rights Act ( 1998 ) and Data Protection Act ( 1998 ) . Further still, the squad must guarantee that older people with mental wellness jobs receive the attention and intervention they need for their ain wellness or safety and for the protection of other people ( Mental Health Act, 1983 ) . Conversely, it is necessary to follow with the Mental Capacity Act ( 2005 ) , determining that the individual has mental capacity ; nevertheless, it should be presumed that the individual does so unless otherwise called into inquiry. Upon referral the squad is duty edge to supply and an appraisal of the service user s demands under the NHSCCA ( 1990 ) . The point of referral, service user s demands and history, find whether or non the appraisal is based upon the SAP or CPA ( Department of Health, 2004 ) . Even though, policy counsel is in topographic point to turn to the troubles of the interface between these two appraisals procedures ( Department of Health, 1999 ; Department of Health, 2004 ) , research suggests that it has proved vastly debatable with much duplicate across their boundaries ( Hughes et al, 2001 ) . Intelligibly, a deficiency of comprehension around the application of these tools has lead to uncertainness of professional functions and duties doing defeat and confusion to service users and their carers likewise, as they can be left experiencing that their positions are non readily being listened to ( Care Services Improvement Partnership, 2005 ) . Assessed service users demands must run into with certain eligibility standards, prior to being allocated a service. This is based upon clinical eligibility for wellness co-workers and societal attention co-workers are bound by the Fair Access to Care Services counsel ( FACS ) ( LAC ( 2002 ) 13 ) . FACS counsel sought to develop a more just distribution of services by spliting eligibility into four sets. An single whose demands fall in moderate or low stria will be re-directed through signposting to other services. Upon run intoing the significant or critical sets, a service user will undergo a fiscal appraisal to find their part to service proviso and a attention bundle will be devised to run into their identified demands. The efficaciousness of FACS can be seen as a combative issue, peculiarly in the field of mental wellness service proviso. Recent research by Huxley et Al ( 2008 ) suggests that the incompatibility and confusion around the application of FACS by professionals has resulted in reenforcing a turning separation between the subjects of wellness and societal attention within CMHTs. Soon, the LA steering the operation of the societal attention staff within the CMHT ( OP ) is undergoing a immense restructuring of its services. The Personalisation Agenda and greater integrating between wellness and societal attention is the driving force behind this. It will see personal budgets to be the pillar of service proviso, how successful they will be in run intoing the demands of older people with mental wellness jobs will stay to be seen. I predict that unless there are extra resources targeted towards handiness for this group, uptake will be slow, as in that displayed by Direct Payments ( Department of Health, 2005 ) . Service Users and Their Needs. Service users inhabit what can be categorised as a preponderantly rural country made up of little towns. It is of import to observe this CMHT ( OP ) is runing within the boundaries of a LA identified as one of the most economically deprived in England ( Index of Deprivation, 2007 cited in LA and NHS Trusts, 2009 ) . Appreciably, this service user group is likely to be more exposed to the impact of poorness and societal exclusion which correlates straight with increasing mental wellness jobs. Recognition of such factors coupled with a service user s alone history, should let the context of the service user to be more accurately understood and their demands met. Hence, the CMHT ( OP ) presenting on the person-centred attention so aspired to by the NSFOP ( Department of Health, 2001 ) , and back uping the societal worker value to esteem human self-respect and worth, in peculiar with respect to guaranting that service users and carers participate in decision-making procedures ( British Association of Social Workers, 2002 ) . This CMHT ( OP ) works with people over the age of 65 with a important mental wellness job and those under 65 with a cognitive damage ( early onset dementedness ) life within their boundaries, who appear to be in demand of community attention and/or wellness service proviso. As this is a specialist service for older people, the squad does know apart on the footing of age, though non on gender, ethnicity or faith. However, the construct of category is unfastened to challenge ; if we refer to an person s ability to pay for services, demoing how indirect favoritism may inadvertently happen. Frequently, referrals come straight from GP patterns that are aligned to the CMHT ( OP ) ; internal referrals made from other LA societal services squads or as a consequence of an single petition. The squad besides receives referrals from community infirmaries, whereby, it is perceived that patients will necessitate community attention services upon discharge as laid out by the Community Care ( Delayed Discharges ) Act 2003 ( s2 ) . Similarly, in instances where the patient is due for discharge after being detained under Section 4 of the Mental Health Act ( 1983 ) ( MHA 1983 ) , whilst support duties are located with the NHS, a referral will be made to the squad to run into their responsibility of supplying such services under Section 117 ( MHA 1983 ) . Whilst, funding agreements for service proviso under Section 117 ( MHA 1983 ) mean that services are provided free at the point of bringing to such service users, so, this is non the instance for most societal attention proviso. Obviously, funding agreements for such societal attention services are a important concern for service users and their carers, as they are normally capable to a agencies tested fiscal appraisal. Upon finding a service user s part it may do some people to worsen services, particularly those on the borders of eligibility, even when an evident demand exists ( Marshall and Tibbs, 2006 ) . At this point as a societal worker, confined to the worlds of the structural restraints of the bureau, we should oppugn out ability to keep the values of anti-discriminatory pattern ( Thompson, 2006 ) . We would necessitate to see whether we would merely accept the restraints that we were working within, rationalizing that we would be run intoing some demands and keeping some de gree of effectivity. Otherwise, should we dispute the system and advocator for services on behalf of the service user, concomitantly seeking resoluteness of their demands through any gettable step. Obviously, the latter affords more congruity with our societal work values but it does non truly history for the capacity of an single societal worker to contradict wider affairs of resource allotment and handiness, frequently, beyond their control ( Trevithick, 2005 ) . Partnership. Integration of wellness and societal services was made possible through the flexiblenesss of the Health Act ( 1999 ) ( s31 ) , subsequently replaced by the NHS Act ( 2006 ) ( s75 ) , through the undermentioned steps: Lead commissioning Pooled budgets Integrated proviso These possibilities enabled the formation of the CMHT ( OP ) . Although, joint commissioning has been the preferable endeavor of these spouses and their degree of incorporate proviso is besides questionable. It is of import to place the collaborative relationships which exist with the CMHT ( OP ) and other services ( see Appendix 1 ) . Services and their employees may convey their ain dockets or values which can do clash within and around the interactions between such services. Ultimately, they should be working to run into the demands of their service users to the best of their capablenesss ; unluckily this is non ever the instance. Partnership with service users and their carers is profoundly embedded within the operation of the CMHT ( OP ) . The CMHT ( OP ) collates service user feedback through the usage of questionnaires, studies, meetings and ailments processs that they have in topographic point. However, the success of these tools in regulating alteration in the bringing of services is dependent upon service user and carer consciousness of their possible impact. Frontline employees, who are the chief point of contact for most service users, need to be to the full committed and endeavour towards the publicity of constructive feedback. This is an of import portion of the societal work function given their value base and the duties they have towards service users ( BASW, 2002 ) . Agency Activity: Theories and Methods Within the bureau assorted elements of theories and methods are employed, tailored towards a better apprehension of the service user s state of affairs, the troubles encountered and the context in which they occur. One theoretical position used by the CMHT ( OP ) is based upon the work of Carl Rogers. Roger s relationship-based position ( 1961 ) sought to set up that behind the labels created by society people have their ain strengths and capablenesss ; nevertheless, this can merely be amplified through reliable contact, communicating and relationships. Kitwood ( 1997 ) concurred with such thought and proposed a person-centred attack to the attention of people with dementedness ( Kitwood, 1997 as cited in Jacoby et Al, 2008 ) , enabling the curative relationship to be used as a tool to emancipate the service user s capableness. Kitwood suggested that through person-centred attention people with dementedness were non reduced to the restrictions of dementedness but did in fact enjoy a better quality of life from acknowledgment of their alone personhood ( Kitwood, 1997 cited in Jacoby et Al, 2008 ) . Within the CMHT ( OP ) , societal workers use the relationship to follow an individualized attack to measuring and run intoing the demands of the individual with dementedness, the empowering nature of such an attack agreements with the societal work values of human self-respect and worth ( BASW, 2002 ) . Within the attention program, they support the individual to stay every bit independent as possible but with respect given to run intoing the demands of the individual s disablement as required. The CMHT ( OP ) may set about a task-centred attack to actuate alteration within a relationship-based position. The benefits are such that it is short-run, time-limited, seeking further to heighten the capablenesss of the service user through job resolution in partnership with the practician ( Trevithick, 2005 ) . Research suggests that there are benefits to following this attack with older people, whereby, ends directed at resources that enable the individual to stay within their ain place improve their quality of life ( Challis and Davies, 1989 in Coulshed and Orme, 1998 ) . Crisis theory is employed within the CMHT ( OP ) , when a service user is faced with the trouble imposed by such an event. Distress in otherwise stable fortunes is the definition given to crisis, being that a individual may experience unable to get by because of such alteration ( Chui and Ford, 2000 in Stepney and Ford, 2000 ) . Within this, it is believed that the individual meeting the crisis has the competency for problem-solving but at this precise clip they do non hold the capacity for call uping such operation, at this point the societal worker intervenes. Crisis intercession, ab initio, struggles with our societal work value base as it can be seen to be intrusive and oppressive through application ( Lishman, 2007 ) . Payne ( 2005 ) criticises this intercession for being excessively brief, avoiding the venue of long-run jobs and social unfairnesss. This is important given the multiple subjugations that older people with mental wellness jobs are obviously still sing within socie ty ( Brooker, 2008 in Jacoby et Al, 2008 ) . Appropriately, the CMHT ( OP ) appreciates this point and is able to understand the service user s place through an ecological position. By working in partnership with service users, societal workers seek to analyze the structural disadvantage faced by older people with mental wellness jobs and see the wider societal support webs that could be harnessed for their benefit ( Jack and Jack, 2000 in Stepney and Ford, 2000 ) . This meets with the societal work value of advancing societal justness ( BASW, 2002 ) . Measuring the Agency. The squad may transport the rubric CMHT ( OP ) and be runing under a multi-disciplinary, interagency formation but the degree of operation and integrating is badly compromised by the clear divisions bing at both a managerial and operational degree. Evidence suggests that such weaknesss are common amongst such squads ( Audit Commission, 2002 ; Lingard A ; Milne, 2004 ) . A recent survey undertaken by Tucker et Al ( 2009 ) further emphasised that, frequently, societal work staff were non managed by a individual lead for the CMHT ( OP ) , nor did they use the same certification for appraisals as their wellness co-workers. Opportunities to advance joint working were progressively exacerbated by the mutual exclusiveness of IT systems within the squad for sharing information and the absence of an in agreement operational policy for the squad, such incongruousness resonates within this CMHT ( OP ) . Staff within the squad effort to countervail such troubles by furthering good working deali ngss with their fellow co-workers and informally sharing information where IT system restrict entree, whilst still adhering to policies around consent for sharing information. Given the structural lacks of the CMHT ( OP ) , so, we should non undervalue the important degree of support and committedness provided by the professionals within the squad. Neither should we disregard the value this service holds for service users and their carers. One service user commented that we d be lost without [ the societal worker and service ] and we did nt cognize if there was any aid out at that place but [ mentioning to the societal worker ] pointed us in the right way . The CMHT ( OP ) undertakes a batch of valuable preventive work with respects to early sensing and attach toing support for service users and their carers, which proves good in footings of consistence of attention, as an person s illness develops. Unfortunately, the model pattern and benefits of the service are lost in the LA s unequal appraisal of the societal work part. Given that public presentation information associating to work undertaken for older people with mental wellness jobs is non avail able individually as it is included in the information for all older people aged 65 old ages and over ( LA and NHS Trusts, 2009 ) . Decision. Presently, the proposals of a joint scheme for the commissioning of services for older people with mental wellness is doing major service reconfiguration with the purpose of better functioning the demands of the country. This program is seeing the move of this CMHT ( OP ) from its current site to another some 11 stat mis off, at the terminal of this fiscal twelvemonth, 2009/10. Whilst, I can appreciate the demand for reconstituting I can non understand how the demands of this vicinity will be better met by professionals who have to pass more clip going to make them. Surely, it would be better to aim resources at a managerial and operational degree, seeking better communicating between the directors of the squad, so to cut down the sum of duplicate taking topographic point and the cost deduction from this. Futile as this may be, if the issues around the appraisal procedure remain unsolved, but it may be deserving trusting that the recent audience around the possibilities of a Common A ssessment Framework for Adults ( Department of Health, 2009 ) , will travel some manner towards rectifying such jobs.

Free sample - Childrens Health. translation missing

Childrens Health. Children's HealthAccording to the auther the reason of this study is because of the emerging potential toxity in humans. The investigation done is on how urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolities is related to childrens intellectual functioning. He has taken a comprehensive study of elementary children in five cities in south Korea by taking a cross-section examination on   the urine phthalate concentrations on both the children and their mothers.   The findings show that they measured  Ã‚   â€Å"mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) and mono (2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP)† which are metabolies of â€Å" di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), and mono-nbutyl phthalate (MBP), a metabolite of dibutyl phthalate (DBP)† in the urine .   â€Å"The geometricmean (ln) concentrations of MEHP, MEOHP, and MBP were 21.3 ÃŽ ¼g/L [geometric SD (GSD) = 2.2 ÃŽ ¼g/L; range, 0.5-445.4], 18.0 ÃŽ ¼g/L (GSD = 2.4; range, 0.07-291.1), and 48.9 ÃŽ ¼g/L (GSD = 2.2; range, 2.1- 1645.5), respectively†. The chronological results show that the full scale IQ and verbal IQ were nagatively associated with DEHP but not   WITH DBP metabolities. The results of this finding   are very comprehensive as thay also show that there is a negative relationship between trhe children vocabulary use and the concentration of the urine. After an extensive marternal IQ controll the findings shw that a large inverse relationship between DEHP metabolities and the use of vocabulary also remained. There is a difference between boys and girls as boys show a negative association between increasing MEHP phthalate concentrations and the total sum of DEHP metabolite concentrations while girls   shown   had little or no association between these variables. Howevr the auther does not show clear evidence on the same and critical study in the field is highly required. In the methods of study the auther extensively talks of  Ã‚   a study conducted between april and october 2008 which was named â€Å" Effects of Pollution on Neurobehavioral Development and future Policies to Protect our children†. The study assessed different elements such as Lead, Mercury and manganese in the dlood as welll as neurocognitive functioning of children including attention and concentration together with   their general intelligence. So as to asses the childrens marternal IQ, their child developmental state, their mothers were also interviewed. The study was well formulated and carried out as mothers were   given quistionares which were to be filled on the details regarding the surrounding environment. The study had followed all the rules and regulations as it had been passed by â€Å"The Institutional Review Board of Seoul National University Hospital†.   Applications had been sent to elementary children and their mothers for them to participate i n the study and 667 children accompanied by their mothers turned in. While measuring childrens cognitive functioning, students were availed with a form,   â€Å"KEDI-WISC† which consisted   vocabularly, arithmetic, picture arrangement and block design tests. The form according to the auther is validated   with Korean children to use as a determiner of global estimates of intellectual functioning. Since the examiners in the study were not aware of the children IQ, they used   â€Å"Korean Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (K-WAIS) â€Å" to their mothers while they were measuring   martenal cognitive function. The tests on this included   pure arrangement, vocalbulary use and block design tests.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On determining phthalate metabolites in urine   in the   study   â€Å"primary metabolite of dibutylphthalate, mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP), andtwo secondary metabolites of DEHP, mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) and mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl)phthalate (MEOHP) were used†. Urine was collected using paper cups from   all the children who were subject to the study between nine and eleven in the morning. After collection, th urine was placed in containers   â€Å"(high-clarity polypropylene Falcon tubes)† and stored at –20 °C   untill the analyzation of the . Field blanks consisted of purified water. The are then brought to room temperature and vortexed after thawing.  Ã‚   Acritical and extensive of the methods used has been well shown in the study following all steps and explanation of the procedures. At all   this study has a critical and technical approach as it takes the   reader through all the steps used in the study. While doing the statistcal analysis the study, used t-tests of the students or â€Å"(ANOVAs)† for testing continues variables and the chisquare test for categorical mvariables. A comprehensive use of   linear regression analysis was used in the study to analyse the association between â€Å"urine phthalate (MEOHP,MEHP, and MBP) concentration and WISC IQ scores†. Since the distribution of the metabolite was skewed in the sample, log-transformed values were highly used. From the variables on the analysis carried out regression models have been built. Taking th IQ score as the primary dependent variable and the urine phthalate concentrations as the primary independent variables.   A set of covariates based on the predicators childrens cognitive functioning helped to perform the regression analysis.   After this study models have been improved on the developmental socioeconomic and IQ variables. The study however does not give us clear evidence on the martenal IQ as it present models with and without   the Martenal IQ. In the study all analysis were considered important. The study in their results analyzing the relationship between environmental exposure to phthalates and children’s IQ scores show that there is a negative association between IQ and urine phthalates in humans. The study is of great significance comparing it with other studies that have been done since its the first to show the above results. It is there true to say that a child’s IQ may be affected by genetic, educational, familial and social factors.however these results may contrast with any   observed association between the line of study and the income. To help readers nunderstand this , this study tried to determine whether â€Å"phthalates were inversely associated with children’scognition independent of potential confounders†. Before the study could adjust for martenal IQ, it found inverse relationships between â€Å"MEHP, MEOHP, and the sum of secondarymetabolites for DEHP and the children’sFSIQ, VIQ, and vocabulary and block design Scores † also vocabulary score was negatively associated with MBP. This study found that maternal IQ is one of the cofounders of children’s IQ. The study also found that adjusting for a confounder that has a stronger effect than the valuable of interest can most of the time lead to underratings in the true effect of this variable. Control for maternal IQ according to the study had a great impact on the effect size of the alliance between phthalates and IQ. It may act as a confounder especially if the maternal IQ and the level of phthalates in children   have a link to each other. It is noted that MIQ might have had an influence on the childrens environmental exposure to the substances which were to be seen on th level of phthalate metabolites.  Ã‚   All in all MIQ have effects on the children IQ, therefore affecting affecting the association between child IQ and phthalate level however the study revealed that after MIQ, MEHP, MEOHP, and the sum of secondary metabolites of DEHP had been adjusted there were inverse relationships with children’s vocabulary scores. We cannot at whtsoever means say that this study provided enough evidence of a definative association between phthalates with children’s IQ indipendent of MIQ because there could be a residual confounding of matarnal IQ. The study shows that children are of special concern regarding phthalate exposure due to their neurodevelopmental state. Also if they are subjected to neurotoxic agents, there is likelyhood that they will suffer due to critical periods of vulnerability for their developing nerves. Even after birth, Neurotoxic agents could disrupt the temporal and regional emergence of critical Developmental processes. Even if this study has most of advantages, it has some disadvantages. Atleast 16 phthalene metabolites in urine can be measured but in this study only three were measured which were limited to the specifications of the study. They measured three based on availability of standard , childrens likely exposure, and technical experience of the analysis. They only used one measurement, which may not have same results as when they would have in examining the level and severity of chronic exposure. Judging from a single spot-urine measurement could have given wrong answers, as it may not reflect long term-exposure since Phthalates are rapidly metabolized and excreted. However, on phthalate measurements over time according to other different studies, there is moderate consistency. The study assumes that when multiple experiments are consistent, then a single measurement reflects a typical measurement. Another limitation is that the study did not show results of maternal levels of exposure. Also the maternal IQ had a large effect size on the associations making it not possible to tell whether the quality of the home environment and stimulation provided in the home could be   potential confounders. This article is a succes as it gives the readers a clear picture of what was carried out , the mode of study, the evidence used, materials and methods. Many of the readers would get   the objectives of the writer and accesit according to his or her expectations. However, the study has been based on many assumptions making the reader to doubt its results. I would recommend that as you read this article it is critical that you have your objective of the findings and the discussion made by the writer keeping in mind that   it has its own advantages and disadvantages.

Battle of Guilford Court House in the American Revolution

Battle of Guilford Court House in the American Revolution Battle of Guilford Courthouse - Conflict Date: The Battle of Guilford Court House occurred on March 15, 1781, and was part of the southern campaign of the American Revolution (1775-1783). Armies Commanders: Americans Major General Nathanael Greene4,400 men British Lieutenant General Lord Charles Cornwallis1,900 men Battle of Guilford Court House - Background: In the wake of Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarletons defeat at the Battle of Cowpens in January 1781, Lieutenant General Lord Charles Cornwallis turned his attention to pursuing Major General Nathanael Greenes small army. Racing through North Carolina, Greene was able to escape over the swollen Dan River before the British could bring him to battle. Making camp, Greene was reinforced by fresh troops and militia from North Carolina, Virginia, and Maryland. Pausing at Hillsborough, Cornwallis attempted to forage for supplies with little success before moving on to the forks of Deep River.   He also endeavored to recruit Loyalist troops from the region. While there on March 14, Cornwallis was informed that General Richard Butler was moving to assault his troops. In actuality, Butler had led the reinforcements that had joined Greene. The following night, he received reports that the Americans were near Guilford Court House. Despite only having 1,900 men on hand, Cornwallis resolved to take the offensive.   Detaching his baggage train, his army began marching that morning. Greene, having re-crossed the Dan, had established a position near Guilford Court House. Forming his 4,400 men in three lines, he loosely replicated the alignment used by Brigadier General Daniel Morgan at Cowpens. Battle of Guilford Court House - Greenes Plan: Unlike the previous battle, Greenes lines were several hundred yards apart and were unable to support each other. The first line was comprised of North Carolina militia and rifleman, while the second consisted of Virginia militia situated in a thick forest. Greenes final and strongest line was comprised of his Continental regulars and artillery. A road ran through the center of the American position. The fighting opened approximately four miles from the Court House when Tarletons Light Dragoons encountered Lieutenant Colonel Henry Light Horse Harry Lees men near Quaker New Garden Meeting House. Battle of Guilford Court House - Fighting Begins: After a  sharp fight which led the 23rd Regiment of Foot advancing to aid Tarleton, Lee withdrew back to the main American lines. Surveying Greenes lines, which were on rising ground, Cornwallis began advancing his men along the west side of the road around 1:30 PM. Moving forward, British troops began taking heavy fire from the North Carolina militia which was positioned behind a fence. The militia was supported by Lees men who had taken a position on their left flank. Taking casualties, the British officers urged their men forward, ultimately compelling the militia to break and flee into the nearby woods (Map). Battle of Guilford Court House - Cornwallis Bloodied: Advancing into the woods, the British quickly encountered the Virginia militia. On their right, a Hessian regiment pursued Lees men and Colonel William Campbells riflemen away from the main battle. In the woods, the Virginians offered stiff resistance and fighting often became hand-to-hand. After half and hour of bloody fighting which saw a number of disjointed British attacks, Cornwallis men were able to flank the Virginians and force them to retreat. Having fought two battles, the British emerged from the wood to find Greenes third line on high ground across an open field. Charging forward, British troops on the left, led by Lieutenant Colonel James Webster, received a disciplined volley from Greenes Continentals. Thrown back, with heavy casualties, including Webster, they regrouped for another attack. To the east of the road, British troops, led by Brigadier General Charles OHara, succeeded in breaking through the 2nd Maryland and turning Greenes left flank. To avert disaster, the 1st Maryland turned and counterattacked, while Lieutenant Colonel William Washingtons dragoons struck the British in the rear. In an effort to save his men, Cornwallis ordered his artillery to fire grapeshot into the melee. This desperate move killed as many of his own men as Americans, however it halted Greenes counterattack. Though the outcome was still in doubt, Greene was concerned about the gap in his lines. Judging it prudent to depart the field, he ordered a withdrawal up Reedy Creek Road towards Speedwell Ironworks on Troublesome Creek. Cornwallis attempted a pursuit, however his casualties were so high that it was quickly abandoned when Greenes Virginia Continentals offered resistance. Battle of Guilford Court House - Aftermath: The Battle of Guilford Court House cost Greene 79 killed and 185 wounded. For Cornwallis, the affair was much bloodier with losses numbering 93 dead and 413 wounded. These amounted to over a quarter of his force. While a tactical victory for the British, Guilford Court House cost the British losses they could ill-afford.   Though unhappy with the result of the engagement, Greene wrote to the Continental Congress and stated that the British have met with a defeat in a victory. Low on supplies and men, Cornwallis retired to Wilmington, NC to rest and refit. Shortly thereafter, he embarked on an invasion of Virginia. Freed from facing Cornwallis, Greene set about liberating much of South Carolina and Georgia from the British. Cornwallis campaign in Virginia would end that October with his surrender following the Battle of Yorktown. Selected Sources Guilford Court House National Military ParkBritish Battles: Battle of Guilford Court HouseUS Army Center for Military History: Battle of Guilford Courthouse

Comments on BP 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Comments on BP 3 - Essay Example The company will outsource some of its operations and will enter into a contract with the website development company in order to come up with attractive website. The team has effectively defined and elaborated all important elements and processed involved in the operation and transaction. The team has also included the elements of customer service and customer relationship management in order to make sure that the high customer value is provided to all customers. The company will also use social media techniques in order to market and promote the website and attract more traffic. The business model of the company is bit complicated as it involves several virtual links and partners. But the business model canvas provided by the team in the appendix has made it easier to comprehend the complete links and connections among all important partners and also has explained clearly how the business will operate. Lastly, the team has been able to calculate the cost behind the whole business model and has included all important costs and expenses in order to come up with more realistic figures. The major strength of this business plan is the testing of the product at the target market before launching it. This will allow the company to come up with the final product which accords with the needs and demands of the customers and there will be relatively less chances of rejection or failure. All the feedbacks and comments generated as a result of this pre-launch testing will be used by the company in order to improve the final product. This testing also allowed the company to identify the most profitable target segment. The company relies on heavy input from the customers and devises strategies accordingly. This, in turn, will allow increasing the customers’ satisfaction and attracting more customers. The main idea behind the whole business is to provide the eating products to the customers on mobile trucks and vehicles. This will allow the company

Marginal Revolution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marginal Revolution - Research Paper Example In his treatment of the concept of human wants, we see a different connotation from that realized from Walras who showed no particular interest in that aspect and Jevons who viewed a want as a balance between the physical and mechanical forces of humanity. Walras and Jevons addressed the aspect of exchange of goods and services as the exchange between equivalents. Menger, on the other hand, felt that it was improper to regard quantities as equivalents in the subjective sense. On this account it is realized that Menger’s theory, unlike Walras’ and Jevons,’ could not effectively explain the concept of pricing. Menger did not, however, ignore the concept of price arbitrarily (Black 67). It was out of the feeling that price as an exchange measure was simply a superficial demonstration of much complex forces at play. Menger appears different from his two contemporaries given that he treats his theory in a way that is much connected to the real word. Therefore, unlike Jevons and Walras, he does not want to present his cases in grounded mathematical connotations which are quite common in mainstream economics. It is at this point that the Austrian School of thought began to emerge with Menger being the founder (Bellet 78). Menger wanted to relate his theory to the real world as much as possible. To him, this could only be facilitated by avoiding the representations of equilibrium as was common in the works of the other two economists. However, Menger was well aware of the possibility of attaining equilibrium levels in the real world. His concern was nevertheless on the impediments that would alter such an eventuality. Hence, he opted to take a new orientation with regard to equilibrium and disequilibrium. The greatest difference of Menger from Jevons and Walras lies in his (Menger) omission of integral and classical calculus from his works. Though he knew mathematics, he totally took a different turn with regard to the use of mathematics in economi cs. To him, mathematics should only be a subsidiary way of advancing economic knowledge but not as the central device of communicating economics. His different orientation in that respect was the main genesis behind the Austrian School of thought where economics is normally treated in theoretical means. The Austrian school was, therefore, developed directly from the different vies that Menger held in the practice of economics. Menger felt that economic inquiry should be conducted through the study of economic phenomena and realities in order to unearth the facts and not through the use of abstract mathematics which to him could not really bring the ideas into focus. In his works, Walras feels that through the construction of simultaneous equations to represent the marginal utility principle, the ultimate behavior of man could easily be traced. Much of that notion was shared by Jevons who also advocated the use of calculus and mathematical formulae in the understanding of economic be havior. To Menger, the object of economic inquiry was to bring into focus the behavior of man in all respects of life, a goal that could not be achieved through mathematics. The socialist arguments that were further grounded in the Austrian School of thought were mainly originally connected by Menger through his approach of economics. Ludwig Von Mises was most influenced by the works of Menger with respect to

Psychological and Sociological Aspects :: essays papers

Psychological and Sociological Aspects In the beginning of my freshman semester in college I decided to major in secondary education with a minor in psychology. I made the decision just recently to change my major to sociology for many reasons that relate to research during this course. I am currently enrolled in an educational psychology course as well as an introduction to sociology class. As the semester has progressed, I have gotten deeper into my research for this project. One of the main things that I have taken note of is that much of what I am learning in this course through research is being enhanced by studies we discuss in sociology. The topic â€Å"Students at Risk† is a very broad topic. In psychology class we study the behavioral and mental aspects of dealing with students who have difficulty performing in a structured classroom setting. However, in my sociology class, we touch more upon the environmental and societal effects that are common influences amongst students at risk. I have found th at sociological theories are the basis for labeling those students who have been set up for failure. The study of sociology as it relates to this topic is that environmental and societal negativities can be credited for student failure. With psychology, you are attempting to find reasons within one-self that have caused a delay in ones academic success. It becomes a main issue when dealing with these types of situations to find someone or something to blame for the student’s level of progression. Through research I have found that instead of directing our attention to the cause of the problem, we must exert more energy to finding a solution. â€Å"Learning Disabled?† or â€Å"Slow Learner?† When first approaching this subject I began to explore different behavioral disorders and learning disabilities that would cause a student to be considered â€Å"at risk†. However, before beginning to explore these sub topics in detail I thought it would be helpful to find some information on determining the difference between someone who is just a slow learner, verses someone who has trouble learning because of disability. I came across an article by author Margaret Shepherd that is titled â€Å"Learning Disabled or Slow Learner†? This article details the differences between the learning disabled child and the slow learner, and it is also a plea for caution in the use of the diagnostic term learning disabilities.

Bob Dylans Social Commentary Essay

During an interview with the Los Angeles Free Press in 1965, Bob Dylan said, â€Å"All I can do is be me, whoever that is,† (Dylan) which perfectly describes the sentiment you get from his works. During his music career, he has changed many aspects of his image, music style and religion, going so far as to legally change his name from Robert Zimmerman to Bob Dylan. Living during a very fast changing society, his works reflect on the Civil Rights movement and other historically significant events. He is seen as a spokesperson for his generation through his deep and meaningful songs. Bob Dylan uses his pieces to comment on life and humanity, sparking social reforms. Bob Dylan was born named Robert Zimmerman in Duluth, Minnesota on May 24, 1941. He grew up in a supportive, Jewish household, and began writing poems at the age of 10. When he was 14, he taught himself to play guitar, and played in a couple different bands in high school. In college, he read an autobiography of Woody Guthrie which had a tremendous impact on his music career. Bob Dylan performed his versions of the Woody Guthrie’s songs at local coffee houses. Soon, he left college and hitchhiked to New York to visit his sick idol. After his death, Bob Dylan told Rock 100, â€Å"Guthrie was my last idol. My future idols will be myself.† This confidence contributed to his success as a musician. Bob Dylan got his break with a talent scout John Hammond. He released his self-titled first album in March 1962, which was filled with interpretations of old folk songs two original songs. A second LP came out soon after that was only original compositions. Bob Dylan released two more folk LP’s before his big transition into a more electric rock type of music. In 1965 he released a half acoustic half electric album that received a lot of criticism from fans of his folk music. One of his most popular albums, Blond on Blonde, released in 1966 featured many famous rock songs, and received much praise from critics. This album contains many protest songs including â€Å"A Hard Rains a Gonna Fall,† and â€Å"Masters of War.† These songs are thought to have been protesting the arms race during the Cold War, and exemplify how Bob Dylan used songs to comment on humanity and life. After this album, Bob Dylan broke his neck in a motorcycle accident and spent the next couple of years in recovery. After releasing many more successful albums, he went through a major transition from Judaism to Christianity. His next three albums reflected that transition, which confused much of his fan base. Bob Dylan continued to record and toured with a couple different  bands during the 80’s. In 2001, he received a Golden Globe for the best original song in a movie for â€Å"Things Have Changed†. Bob Dylan is still alive and continues to make public appe arances and occasionally perform. Bob Dylan’s songs use symbolism and imagery to reflect his views on life in a different way. The song Blowin’ in the Wind is one of his most famous works. This song uses the phrase â€Å"blowin’ in the wind† to answer multiple questions about humanity that it puts forth. The song also has war themes, shown when it asks the question, â€Å"How many times must the cannonballs fly before they’re forever banned?†(5). The lyrics exemplify his distaste for violence. The whole poem reflects his view that humanity will never learn from their mistakes. Bob Dylan also has some less political and more love themed pieces. In the song Watered down Love, he talks about how pure love will only hurt you so you need to look for a â€Å"watered down love†. The repetitious phrase, â€Å"You don’t want a love that’s pure, you want a drown love, you want a watered down love† (12). The song â€Å"Love is just a Four Letter Word† further continues the theme of true love being impossible. The song begins with him hearing others saying that love doesn’t mean anything, but in the end of the song he believes that himself. This is shown when it says â€Å"Though I never knew just what you meant when you were speaking to your man, I could only think in terms of me and now I understand,† (28). The songs are examples of how Bob Dylan uses his writing to comment on parts of life such as love and war. Bob Dylan’s writing does not go without criticism. His frequent changes in music style and image cause distaste from many critics. Jann Wenner in Rolling Stone Magazine said, â€Å"Dylan created so many images and expectations that he narrowed his room for maneuverability and finally became unsure of his own instincts,†(Wenner,†The Rolling Interview: Bob Dylan.†) There are also arguments of Bob Dylan’s role as an artist. Some believe that his songs do not qualify him as an artist and should not be read and studied as poetry. Others, such as Christopher Rooks, believe that his songs, even if they are not written in a traditional poetic way, are still art because of the â€Å"what they mean and what they can tell us about the human condition, about the nature of reality as it concerns man, which is the  very definition of art,† (Karwowski, â€Å"Is Bob Dylan an Artist?†). In another critical essay, Ellen Willis points out in Cheetah Magazine that although he may be seen as a poet, his poetry ha s â€Å"horrendous grammar, tangled phrases,  silly metaphors, embarrassing clichà ©s, muddled thought; at times he seems to believe one good image deserves five others, and he relies too much on rhyme.†(Willis, â€Å"Dylan†). Although his songs receive a lot of criticism for his changing images and whether he should be seen as an artist, no one can deny the unique way Bob Dylan portrays humanity and his role as a spokesperson for his generation. Bob Dylan is considered to be the greatest influence on popular culture of all time. His surroundings inspired him to write about important historical moments such as the Cuban Missile Crisis, President Kennedy’s assassination, the Civil Rights movement. Many of his songs are directly written about these events, most notably, â€Å"The Death of Emmett Till.†, which was written about the murder of 15 year old Emmett Till, a black boy who was accused of flirting with a white girl. Other songs such as â€Å"Blowin in the Wind,† â€Å"The Times they are A Changing,† and â€Å"A Hard Rains a Gonna Fall† all have political and social meaning behind them. He said that â€Å"the folk songs showed me†¦that songs can say something human.† (Dylan, 86) about his social commentary pieces. Bob Dylan was also a major player in the anti-war protests, sparked by the Vietnam War. His anti-war songs influenced activists, mostly college students who listened to his music. No other artist has had such a profound effect on the cultural evolution in America. He had an incredible influence on social reforms in this generation, as well as inspiring many other famous bands such as the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, Jimi Hendrix, and Eric Clapton. No one can deny that he was a factor in the revolution of hundreds of thousands of people. Bob Dylan uses his songs as a way to comment on life, humanity, sparking social reforms. His childhood during the time period he lived in influenced his writing greatly through watching major historical event occur such as the Civil Rights Movement, World War Two, the Vietnam War and the assassination of President Kennedy. A famous song, Blowin in the Wind talks about society’s inability to change their views, and can be translated to be an antiwar anthem or a Civil Rights commentary. Bob Dylan is criticized mainly on whether his songs can be called poetry and if he can be considered an artist. Also, the politics brought into his writing are very controversial. All in all, Bob Dylan’s songs had a considerable impact on society because of his commentary on humanity. Works Cited â€Å"Bob Dylan.† Encyclopedia of World Biography. Detroit: Gale, 1998. Student Resources in Context. Web. 10 Apr. 2013. Karwowski, Michael. â€Å"Is Bob Dylan an Artist?† Contemporary Review 1 June 2004: n. pag. Print. Wenner, Jann S. â€Å"The Rolling Stone Interview: Bob Dylan.† Rolling Stone 29 Nov. 1969: 32-35. Rolling Stone. Web. 15 Apr. 2013. Wenke, Joseph. â€Å"Bob Dylan.† The Beats: Literary Bohemians in Postwar America. Ed. Ann Charters. Detroit. Gale Research, 1983. Dictionary of Litereary Biograhy Vol 16. Literature Resource Center. Web. 9 Apr. 2013. Yaffe, David. Bob Dylan: Like a Complete Unknown. New Haven [Conn.: Yale UP, 2011. Print.